Effect of Growth on Mung Bean Solution

Effect of Salt Solution on Mung Bean Growth Hypothesis: If the Mung Beans are watered with a higher salt solution, then less Mung Beans will sprout. John Murrell 9-18-12 Magnet Biology Introduction This experiment was done to test the effect of salt solution on mung bean growth. Generally when you grow mung beans you soak them in water for eight to twelve hours and then put them in a separate container to sprout. Since this experiment was not monitored every hour, and had limited resources, we could not soak the mung beans for that period of time.There are multiple ways to grow mung beans but since the experiment was to test the effect of different salt solutions, one particular way was chosen. Methods 1. Gather two paper towels and two petri dishes, no safety goggles or gloves will be required for this experiment. 2. Place a petri dish on a paper towel and trace the bottom of it so a circle is drawn. Do this twice on each paper towel so there are four separate circles drawn. 3. Sepa rate the top and bottom of each petri dish so they can each be used separately, creating four dishes. 4. Label the petri dishes: Distilled, . 5 solution, . 50 solution, and . 75 solution 5. Cut out the circles that were traced on the paper towel sheets. 6. Place one paper towel circle in the bottom of each dish. 7. Now take a graduated cylinder and place 20 mL of distilled water in it. 8. Pour the 20 mL of water on top of one of the paper towels in the dish so it can soak up the water. 9. Repeat step seven with a . 25, . 50, and . 75 salt solution. Be sure to put each one in a separate petri dish with a paper towel circle in it. 10. Place 20 mung beans in each petri dish; be sure to check that the mung beans are paced apart from each other. 11. Place the petri dishes on a counter and leave them there for five days. 12. Take measurements each day and record results. Results Table 1: Amount of Beans Sprouted Amount of Beans Sprouted| Day 1| Day 2| Day 3| Day 4| Day 5| Distilled Water| 0| 0| 0| 0| 0| .25 Salinity| 0| 0| 0| 0| 0| .50 Salinity| 0| 0| 0| 0| 0| .75 Salinity| 0| 0| 0| 0| 0| Figure 1: Conclusion Based on the results of this experiment, salt solution does not affect the growth of mung beans. However, there were several mistakes made in this experiment that would need to be corrected next time.One of them was taking the lid off of the petri dish and using it as a separate container. Doing this made the water and solution evaporate faster, and when it did evaporate it was just put out into the environment. If there was a top to the petri dish the water would have stayed in the dish and recondensed after evaporation. An alternative to this would have been keeping just two petri dishes with the top and testing one salt solution against distilled water, or plastic wrap could have been put over each of the four separate dishes.Another mistake made was placing the dishes by a window. This allowed the sun to reach the dishes, which also caused the water and sol ution to evaporate faster. If this experiment is conducted again the petri dishes would be placed on a counter that is not by a window. The third and final major mistake made was placing twenty mung beans in each petri dish. This did not provide the space the mung beans needed to grow, and caused them to each have less water since they had to compete for it. This experiment neither proved nor disproved the hypothesis made.If this experiment is conducted in the future, with all the corrections established, the original hypothesis generated would still be used. This hypothesis would also be based solely on background information discovered about mung bean growth, since there was no data created from this experiment. References * http://www. ggfagro. com/books/UsefulDocs/sample%20manuscript_8-11. pdf * http://www. abc. net. au/science/surfingscientist/pdf/lesson_plan12. pdf * http://simple-green-frugal-co-op. blogspot. com/2010/01/grow-your-own-mung-bean-sprouts. html

Proverbs Essay

Proverbs Essay A Man of Wisdom The book of Proverbs describes what a wise man is and what his behavior grants him. A man of wisdom has many characteristic aspects that make him ‘wise’, these are made very clear in the book of Proverbs. King Solomon, being granted the wisest man, was the author to most of the proverbs that offer the descriptions of both a wise and unwise man. Some of the aspects to a wise man are hard to honor, but that is what makes a man wise, and gives him the benefits and good fortune in his life. The beginning of Proverbs gives general advice and guidance for children.These are known as Solomon’s Wise Lessons. In this section of the book the verses are aimed at children being taught a lesson by his or her elders. The few stories consist of rejecting wisdom, benefits of wisdom, and warnings against adultery/adulteresses and folly. If you reject wisdom, then you chose not to fear the Lord as well, and will be filled with your own ways. â€Å"Si nce they hated knowledge and did not choose to fear the Lord, since they would not accept my advice and spurned my rebuke, they will eat the fruit of their ways and be filled with the fruit of their schemes. (NIV, Proverbs 1:29-31) The other main point in the beginning of the book was the warnings against adultery. A wise man is to keep just to his wife, and only his wife, even though the adulteress is very persuasive and crafty. â€Å"Say to wisdom â€Å"you are my sister,† and call understanding your kinsman; they will keep you from the adulteress, from the wayward wife with her seductive words. † (NIV, Proverbs 7:4-5) The men that did subdue to the adulteress were throwing their lives away. The second section of the book of Proverbs is all proverbs from King Solomon. In these proverbs he describes a wise man and an unwise man.A lot of the time he refers to them as simple and righteous. He demonstrates how a righteous man would act compared to a simple or unrighteous man in lots of different situations. These situations include ones like â€Å"The wise in heart accept commands, but the chattering fool comes to ruin. † (NIV, Proverbs 10:8) â€Å"A gossip betrays a confidence, but a trustworthy man keeps a secret. † (NIV, Proverbs 11:13) â€Å"A mocker seeks wisdom and finds none, but the knowledge comes easy to the discerning. † (NIV, Proverbs 14:6) These are just a few of them; I could keep going and going.Proverbs 10:8 means that the wise people will listen and be obedient to the Lord. This obedience will be shown through God, and will bring them good fortune. If you refuse God’s commands then that shows your true character. Those that choose not to obey, and instead rebel, while thinking that they are standing up for their proud heart, will be going against their best interests. Proverbs 11:13 is saying that we should not trust people who gossip or spread stories about other people. And, if we do trust these gossip ing people then we can be considered to be fools because we could not trust them with the secrets that we tell them.Basically, choose your friendships carefully, and make sure they have the same values as you do. Proverbs 14:6 means that those seeking for wisdom without the right reason, lets say for pride or only when they need it instead of for the glory of God don’t receive wisdom. God doesn’t want to reveal the wisdom to anyone unless they are there to serve him and are humble. Someone who has an attitude that is bashful against the spiritual truth and that only picks which truth he wants to hear in order to profit himself is the scorner, and will not be granted his wishes.According to Providence Baptist Ministries, â€Å"The right attitude makes learning easy. † That is very understandable to me. As children, most people would say that their parents taught them the ‘golden rule’. The golden rule being, ‘treat others as you would like to b e treated’. I think that this rule applies a lot to the book Proverbs in the Bible. If you act well and not in sin then you get good fortune and a good afterlife, but if you don’t act in such a way, then you will get bad fortune and a bad afterlife.The book of Proverbs is known as a book of wisdom and is taught as in a classroom setting, as if you are learning valuable life lessons while reading these books. It’s this setting and perspective that allows this book to be so effective in teaching what the characteristics are and how to become a ‘wise man’. If you just follow these simple tasks that are outlined for you then you can live a happy life in prosperity and health. Works Cited â€Å"Bible Study Courses. † Proverbs Chapter 10. Providence Baptist Ministries, 2004. Web. 16 June 2012. . â€Å"Bible Study Courses. † Proverbs Chapter 14. Providence Baptist Ministries, 2004. Web. 18 June 2012. . Linda. â€Å"Proverbs-A Bible Study. â €  : Proverbs 11: 13 Gossip vs. A Faithful Spirit. N. p. , 17 Sept. 2009. Web. 16 June 2012. . â€Å"New International Version of The Holy Bible. † The Book of Proverbs. Published in Grand Rapids, Michigan. 1984. Print. June 16-18, 2012.

A Comparative Analysis: Juvenile and Adult Courts

For many years, people have believed that the juvenile justice system was meant to serve as a way to protect the community. Juveniles who commit crimes are different from adults because many do not understand the complexity of the crime committed. In order to respond to these differences, many states have established a way to treat these adolescents through juvenile courts and youth-based recovery systems. While most states recognize that juveniles who commit crimes should not be treated as an adult there are still some that are skeptic that the juvenile justice system works.The juvenile justice system began in 1899, in Chicago, Illinois where the nation’s first juvenile system was established. In the beginning the system was informal and often times it was nothing more than a conversation between the juvenile and a judge (Juvenile Law Center, 2013). Over the years the system has changed significantly where juvenile courts have created a probation system which provided a diffe rent method to provide juveniles with guidance, supervision, and education.By the 1920s all but two states had followed the suit but it was not until the 1960s where the juvenile justice system was given several of the same legal rights as the adult court. There are many differences between the juvenile and adult criminal systems but they also share their similarities. While their differences vary depending on the state, the similarities can be said to be our natural born rights. One of the main similarities is the right to an attorney (LaMance, 2013). The defendant has the choice of either choosing a public defender to represent them or to hire a paid attorney.Both courts not only give their defendants the right to cross-examine witnesses but also the privilege against self-incrimination. The prosecution must also provide proof beyond a reasonable doubt before either of the two can be charged and convicted (LaMance, 2013). The two also share the right to receive a transcript of the proceedings and the rights to have an appellate court review the lower court’s decision. One of the main differences is the overall goal for both courts.While the goal for the adult court is to  punish and convict, the juvenile justice system prefers the method of rehabilitation and reformation, thus giving the juvenile a chance to become a productive citizen (LaMance, 2013). Unlike adults, juveniles do not have the right to a public trial and an adjudication hearing is required in order for the judge to determine if the minor is a delinquent. If considered a delinquent, the court then decides which steps should be taken where the best interest for the juvenile is taken into consideration.The juvenile court is still more informal than that of the adult court (LaMance, 2013). An example of their informality is the rule for admissibility of evidence which is much more lenient in the juvenile court. Lastly juveniles are usually not prosecuted for the delinquent acts that he o r she has committed. However depending on the severity of the crime and state laws, juveniles can be transferred and tried in the adult system (LaMance, 2013). The adjudication process in which juveniles are transferred to the adult system varies by state.While some states enable the transfer of certain juveniles with a waiver, depending on their age and offense criteria, other states consider the juvenile to be an â€Å"automatic adult† (OJJDP National Report Series: Juvenile in Court, 2013). Although all states allow juveniles to be tried as adults in criminal court there are a few circumstances that follow. All states except for Nebraska, New Mexico, and New York provide a judicial waiver where the juvenile court judge has the authority to waive juvenile court jurisdiction and transfer cases to the adult court.Other states have a concurrent jurisdiction where the original jurisdiction for certain cases is shared by both juvenile and adult courts. The discretion under the c oncurrent jurisdiction is left to the prosecutor. Statutory exclusion is the legislative method, which mandates juvenile prosecution in adult court. Youths charged with certain crimes can be placed in the adult system automatically, thus removing any kind of decision making process from judges or prosecutors (OJJDP National Report Series: Juvenile in Court, 2013).In recent years states have significantly expanded legislation for allowing the use of judicial waivers. This trend has increased the number of juveniles incarcerated throughout the United States and has expectations to rise. Having a juvenile treated as an adult gives them the possibility of life or death sentences and incarceration in state of federal prisons which can have a tremendous impact on the life and future of a juvenile (Find Law, 2013).Although it may be served as a deterrent to some, sending juveniles directly to the adult criminal court gives the juvenile the impression that there is no room for rehabilitatio n or second chances, thus paving the way for a life of crime for others. Since the late 1970s, critics of the juvenile justice courts have pursued to abolish this system with the assumption that this system has failed its purpose, to rehabilitate juveniles (LaMance, 2013). Abolishing juvenile courts holds ramifications for not only juveniles but also the community.Eliminating these courts would mean that all juveniles, no matter the age or crime, would be treated as an adult. Many jobs and careers would be lost for those who have committed their lives to making a difference in the juvenile justice system, jobs such as social workers, juvenile detention guards, and juvenile probation officers. An argument can be made to abolish this system but the idea that young offenders whom are not mentally competent to understand their behavior still stands (LaMance, 2013).Therefore juveniles should be handled in a different court system. The juvenile justice system has grown and changed substan tially since 1899. The justifications of the juvenile court system are that youth are developmentally different from adults and should not be treated the same. Having a system that focuses on the needs of children, who are maturing into adulthood, not only gives the community hope but also gives the juvenile a real chance to rehabilitation and recovery.

C-Difficile Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

C-Difficile - Research Paper Example Moreover, outbreaks of C. difficile infection in Canada and U.S.A. have been linked with the highly resistant and virulent strain of the bacterium, NAP-I/027 and have been found resistant to the fluoroquinolones drug treatment (Allday 2012 para 3; Aktories & Wilkins 2000 p. 1 & 2; Talley et al 2010 n.p.). The microbiology of C. difficile, the pathophysiology of infection in humans, clinical presentation, risk factors, diagnostic strategies and preventive measures will be discussed. The microbiological study of C. difficile has brought forward some significant features about the bacterium. It is an anaerobic bacterium which means that it requires oxygen for its survival and spore-bearing. It stains mostly Gram-positive and has a length variation of 3-5 um. Animal reservoirs for C. difficile have been located but no direct association with human infection has been established. C. difficile spreads in the infants and neonates predominantly by nosocomial infection rather than vertical transmission. An important aspect is that infants up to the age of 12 months are protected from the diarrheal symptoms, probably because they lack the receptors required for the toxin action. The bacteria spread mostly from contact with contaminated skin, food items, clothes or any other surface. C. difficile spreads from the feces of an infected person to the healthy individuals. (Aktories & Wilkins 2000 p. 2-5; Allday 2012 para 12). The spores produced by the bacteria are orally in gested by the humans leading to the formation of C. difficile colonies in the gut. The infected individuals develop Clostridium difficile associated diarrhea while some also remain asymptomatic and show no active infection. C. difficile produces two exotoxins- A and B- which cause disruption of the epithelium of the colon by binding to the epithelial cells. The production of inflammatory cells and cytokines leads to mucosal inflammation and small ulcer formation in the gut (Talley et al 2010 n.p.). The clinical features of the C. difficile infection are described as watery, non-bloody diarrhea and episodes of abdominal pain. Severe infections can lead to development of ileus and even shock. Non-specific signs include low-grade fever, dehydration and abdominal tenderness. A criterion to describe the severity of the infection involves the parameters of age, temperature, albumin level, WBC count, endoscopy findings and treatment in intensive care unit. A score of greater than or equal to 2 within 48 hours is designated as severe Clostridium difficile associated diarrhea (Talley et al 2010 n.p.). The risk factors for C. difficile infection mainly focus on the elderly population, people taking antibiotic or antacid therapy or those with a prolonged stay in hospital environments. According to a report, recurrence was found to be higher in those who were taking medications that were H2 receptor blockers (Worcester 2012 para 1- 3). People above the age of 65 years are at high risk for severe or complicated infection. Other risk factors include tube feeding within 2 months, immunosuppression and excessive usage of broad-spectrum antibiotics (Talley et al 2010 n.p.). Enzyme immunoassay is the standard test for the diagnosis of the C. difficile toxins A and B in the stool samples. The test results are available within 24 hours. Colonoscopy or sigmoidoscopy is helpful in

Cuban Revolution of 1959 Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Cuban Revolution of 1959 - Research Paper Example Varadero and Havana were the Rich and Famous’ resort and casinos, gambling as well as prostitution, were commonplace. Most Cubans particularly on the rural areas however lived in an environment of atrocious repression and they experienced extreme poverty, they were uneducated and there were many illnesses among them among them. Cuban dictator Batista was in power during this time and his regime was very cruel and the peasants greatly suffered under this very difficult political situation, which greatly concerned Fidel Castro and he started planning on overthrowing Batista’s dictatorship (Habanera, 1). The Cuban Revolution started with the Moncada Barracks’ failed attack by Fidel Castro together with his brother Raul, on July 26, 1953. Castro expected the soldiers of Batista to be inebriated and stuporous when his revolutionary’s band would surprise them at dawn. He had 160 men and prepared them to attack the barracks’ main post. However, they ex perienced a terrific failure at Moncada and Batista forces either killed or captured almost all of the rebels. Together with the members of his band, Fidel Castro was arrested and they underwent trial and were convicted. During his trial on October 16, 1953, Castro presented a famous speech entitled History Will Absolve Me as a legal defense of himself, which became a major revolutionary document (Faria, 4 ). Faria further explains that the presiding judge specifically sentenced them to be imprisoned in the terrible old fortress prison of La Cabana where they would serve a sentence of fifteen years. However, Ramon Hermida, the Cuban Minister of the Interior, directed that they be sent to the newest Modelo Prison where they were treated favorably as political prisoners. After two years only, Batista pardoned Castro and his conspirators in a general amnesty release as a sign of national reconciliation. His supporters welcomed him as a hero and he organized his followers and formed the 26th of July Movement, in remembrance of Moncada attacks, before running away to Mexico for his safety, where he started training an army in preparation to wage a guerilla war against his rival Batista (Jacob & Wong, 3). During the same time during which the 26th of July Movement was created, various groups also increased their endeavors against the government of Batista – groups such as those connected to the former political parties stepped up their efforts in opposition to the regime of Batista. Additionally, angry at the refusal of Batista to consent to new and just elections in the ‘Civic Dialogue’ that he had held with his democratic rivals, The University Student Federation established the secret Directorio Revolucionario, which would assist them to fight Batista’s government more violently and more directly. In Mexico, Castro and his brother brought together the 26th of July’s supporters and members abroad, who engaged themselves in trainin g, collecting arms as well as raising money in preparation to attack Batista (Babun & Triay, 3). On December 2, 1956, in company with 82 others, Castro landed in Cuba using a small yacht called Granma. This was two days behind the schedule and a fighter plane that a naval frigate had set upon unfortunately spotted them, which forced them to dock at a swamp called Playa los Corolados (Babun & Triay, 4).

Journal Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 33

Journal - Essay Example Having a Mercedes in these times means that a person has accomplished so much in his lifetime and is content with what has been gained by them. Many of the researches and surveys have shown that the new generation is primarily focusing on the image, fame and money associated with them (Schensul et al, 389). Yet recent survey of thriving families by a professor in University of Chicago show that their adult members picked their most cherished memories as the things that made their time together with other people memorable. Even the people who are more materialistic and try to find happiness by buying things have the lowest of life satisfaction scores and materialism has a negative effect on happiness of a person according to the subjective well-being researches. Schensul, Jean J., Cristina Huebner, Merrill Singer, Marvin Snow, Pablo Feliciano, and Lorie Broomhall. "The high, the money, and the fame: the emergent social context of â€Å"new marijuana† use among urban youth."  Medical Anthropology  18, no. 4 (2000):

The Role Of Cultural Policy On Organisational Management Dissertation

The Role Of Cultural Policy On Organisational Management - Dissertation Example The study will seek to determine the effects of cultural policy within an organization. The utilization of an exploratory design enables the research to conduct research and gather raw information from the identified sources. This will be fundamental in opening up the direction for further research within the field by other researchers. Different data collection methods will be utilized in collecting qualitative data, which will be utilized in making recommendations within the research. Primary data will be collected through interviews and questionnaires sent to individuals who will be selected through the utilization of random sampling methods. These questionnaires will contain both closed and open-ended questions which will be utilized in the collection of qualitative data. Secondary data will be collected from existing literature and published material from research conducted by other researchers within the same field of study. This information will be fundamental in providing gui delines for establishing the findings of the research. Qualitative approaches to data analysis will be utilized in seeking to analyze the collected data. Iteration will be continuously utilized during the data collection period in seeking to ensure the analysis process becomes simplified and reduce the data analysis time. After the interim data analysis, memoing of the data contained within the filled questionnaire will be performed in seeking to summarise the information contained within the data.

Hollywood's irrational allergy to 'black' films Essay

Hollywood's irrational allergy to 'black' films - Essay Example The author initially described the prevailing racial prejudice that continue to pervade Hollywood by disclosing that even George Lucas, the world renowned producer of blockbuster films, had faced outright rejection when â€Å"Red Tails† was proposed. Using logical structure and presentation, Martin eventually presented an enumeration of facts to dispute the allegation that supposed â€Å"black films† could not be possibly effectively marketed. By intending to use persuasion to emotionally appeal to the audience that more African-Americans have made legendary marks and accomplishments in contemporary American society, Martin used appeal to pathos as a convincing element. Eventual discourse focused on the culture of Hollywood through narrating and disclosing that it is a â€Å"close-minded society where it's hard to find African-Americans in positions of true power†. As such, through analysis, readers would deduce that without sufficient backing, representation and support from any significant leader or senior management with approving power, films with predominantly black actors were deemed a complete debacle. Further, Martin contended that there is an eminent dilemma in Hollywood that typecasts films with predominantly black casts as â€Å"black† films and therefore render them unmarketable with significantly low global audience appeal. By providing vivid examples through citing famous personalities, the author ensured that increased understanding is rendered to the readers, as intended.

Health Assessment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Health Assessment - Essay Example From this study it is clear that  a health assessment is not a treatment but rather an evaluation and analysis of an individual’s health status in relation to the health continuum. A health assessment is done majorly for various purposes. First, a health assessment is done to establish a good relationship between a nurse and his or her patient. Secondly, the assessment aids the health care professionals to establish a patient’s potential and actual problems in addition to his/her strengths and weaknesses. On a broader spectrum, a health assessment lays the foundation for the nursing process. Subsequently, the data gathered from this process is used by nurses to diagnose problems that need nursing care.This paper discusses that separate health assessment into physical assessment and history assessment. History as a concept is significant since health tends to occur on a continuum. It is commonly understood in the nursing/ healthcare industry that focusing on the histor y of the patient provides critical data to the nurses. The level of healthcare assessment is dependent on the healthcare practitioner. However, majorly the focus is mainly bio psychosocial in general. For example, if a patient is in the emergency room, the main focus will be on the chief complaint and how to aid the patient recover. If the patient suffers from a heart attack, then initially the focus will be directed on the physical/biological problem.

Case Study Early Childhood Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Case Study Early Childhood - Essay Example She used pictures of the different fruits she had earlier on asked the children to sample through eating. The pictures also had names of the fruits and hence making it easier for the children to refer to their earlier acquired knowledge of the fruits. Like long term memory, prior knowledge stores information for the later retrieval by the user. The information in prior knowledge is also stored by order of importance just the same as the information stored in the long-term memory. Finally, both the information in the long term memory and that of prior knowledge are stored for a long time hence can be remembered way later (Callander, 2008). She could use the same techniques and then integrate with pictorial display hence maximizing the use of the sensory memory of the children and hence make them remember what they have been taught. For example the same technique of dividing the fruits into different sizes and asking them to count the pieces or practice addition, subtraction, multiplication and division using the fruits hence children can use vivid imagination and sensory memory to remember later on how to use these mathematical methods. Integration employs the use of the same techniques that were successful in one discipline and children will tend to remember more since it will seem more like repetition and imitation (since it is prior knowledge) and the information will also not overload the memory of the children learning new concepts in each discipline (Coon and Mitterer,

US CEO's pay Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

US CEO's pay - Essay Example Since the mid-1970’s, for roughly 40 years, the pay of top executives rose at a modest rate. However, executive compensation started shooting up tremendously in 1980 and this pace even accelerated in 1990’s. Notwithstanding dipping in the stock in the early 2000’s, the CEO’s, the CEO’s package has continued shooting higher. An average CEO of a large company in the US earned around 24 times the compensation of a typical worker. (Jacob and Paul, 2010) In the mid-1980’s, at the time of the economic boom, US executives were being paid the most lucrative salaries in history and this continued even during recession in 1990’s. This was perceived as unfair to both laid off employees and stockholders. (www.findarticles.com) Up to 2003, the American Chief Executives average compensation rose by a factor of about six in America’s top five hundred companies. Their average pay reached around eleven million per year inclusive of the value of the options. This is not comparable to CEO’s pay in any country. For example, Swedish Chief Executives received roughly a quarter of their American counter parts. In 2007, the CEO’s pay accelerated towards three hundred times that of a typical worker. Executives of top companies made more than twelve million US dollar in that year. (Tyler, 2006) Scholars Xavier Gabaix of Massachussetts University and Augistin Landier of the stern school of business argue that American executives are not overpaid. They suggest that increase in the value of stock market largely explains the high packages of Chief Executive officers. This argument is simple. It suggests that more economic value is created by better executive decisions. If the number of good executives is less than the number of big companies, the value of the executive talent will be pushed up by competitive bidding. Thus, the value of Chief executive officers compensation packages results from competitive

All About Me Essay Example for Free

All About Me Essay My father always told me â€Å"if at first you don’t succeed, try and try again. † I have always found this advice useful. My family, my academic interests, and my future goals shape the person I am today. My family consists of six members. My father, the one who shows me the right paths, my mother who cares for me and teaches me to be understanding and supporting. My brother, whom I always fight with like how a good friends does. My grandparents who always taught me what I’m supposed to do. I learnt a lot of things because of my family, how should I behave in front of others, to be helpful and what I can do to improve my myself. Basically the things I should do at the right time. I really don’t know I would have done if had no family. Things would have been a lot different. My family has helped me to be what I am today. I like a lot of academic activities. My main interests are in technology and astronomy. I develop this interest by watching about it on television. My interest in technology helps me know what technology is around me and how can I can use it in the area which interests me. World is changing. Healthcare has improved very much. The average life span has now increased to 80 – 90 Years and with growing research in medicine, very soon, people will live more than 100 Yrs. The ageing population will have lower productivity but will need to be fed. I believe agriculture in future will provide challenging opportunities. This challenge interests me very much. My aim is to become a microbotic engineer. My aim is to help the farmers with better technology so that they can become more productive and grow more with less. I want to play a small part to help the world in area of agriculture. I want to make something that increases the productivity rate of a farmer with fewer amounts of water, area, land and minerals. With less cost of these, the farmer can produce more crops. I thought of making microbots that can be placed in the soil in the middle of 4 seeds. These microbots should be able to detect the humidity and mineral content. If there are fewer amounts of water or minerals it can communicate with another robot wirelessly which can come to the place where there is requirements and give the required amount of whatever is needed. This could be done instead of watering acres of land. To reach my aim I will try to join clubs that teach how to make robots. I would also like to learn how to make micro chips so I can make my own robots with my technology in it.

Analysis Of Standardization Verses Adaptation

Analysis Of Standardization Verses Adaptation Globalization seems to have become the phenomenon that no one can escape form whether its a small business or a big one. It even seems to have huge effect on our life style. Schaeffer 2003. As defined by Wild et al. (2005, p.6) globalization is the trend toward greater economic, cultural, political, and technological interdependence among national institutions and economies. This reflects that globalization is a phenomenon that encompasses not only businesses but also other factors making up the society Daniels et al. 2007; Hill 2007. The modern economic landscape has globalization as one of its prominent feature Anthony Pecotich and Steven Ward 2007. It is proposed that in coming time it will be the foreign markets that will play the main role for growth of most of the firms Douglas B. Holt, John A. Quelch, and Earl L. Taylor 2004. And this phenomenon, that seems to have great impact on us all, makes the bases for new market systems (Craig and Douglas 1996; Ghauri and Cateora 2006). This system makes markets so interdependent that the performance of firm is evaluated on a global rather than national base. (Porter 1986; Ulrike de Brentani, Elko J. Kleinschmidt, and So ¨ ren Salomo 2010) .Globalization brings with it several decisions to be made, one of which is the standardization or adaptation of various aspects of marketing mix (Chung 2003; Walters 1986; ÃÆ'-zsomer et al. 1991). A firm when entering a new market can make the choice of either modifying the product referred to as adaptation or making no change in the product referred to as standardization (Roger J. Calantone, S. Tamer Cavusgil, Jeffrey B. Schmidt, and Geon-Cheol Shin 2004). A strong disagreement exists between the scholars favoring standardization in contrast to those esteeming adaptation. (Theodosiou and Leonidou 2003; Ryans et al. 2003) Literature Review: The debate over supremacy of adaptation versus standardization runs back for more than half a century with Elinder (1961) and Roostal (1963) being pioneer contributors, with their main focus on corporate advertising functions, with the notion of standardization in advertisement which was based on the argument that marketing principles largely remain the same ubiquitously. International marketing was first discussed from a wider viewpoint by Bartels (1968) who argued in favor of standardization strategy. Buzzell (1968) spoke of standardization as the standardization of the 4Ps of marketing mix, namely product, price, place and promotion, across borders. Levitt (1983) proposed this standardization of product worldwide to be one of a key success factor for firms when going global. On the other hand researchers also claim that standardization is an oversimplification which is not effectively operative and true for marketing concepts ( Douglas and Craig 1986; Douglas and Wind 1987). These and many other researches bought into limelight the scholarly debate over supremacy of standardization verses adaptation, which is still on-going (Cavusgil et al. 1993; Johnson and Arunthanes 1995; Lages 2000; Shoham 1999; Theodosiou and Katsikeas 2001). The theory of economies of scale is considered to be of fundamental importance to the advocates of standardization, as it is argued that standardization brings with it economies of scale and this result in reduction of cost and maximization of profits. (Porter 1985; Porter 1980; Ryans et al. 2003; Shoham and Albaum 1994). Economy of scale is also claimed to be one of the most probable outcomes of standardization (Buzzell 1968; Douglas and Craig 1986; Levitt 1983; Theodosiou and Leonidou 2003; Yip 1995; ÃÆ'-zsomer and Simonin 2004) The advocates of adaptation, on the other hand, question the impact of economies of scale. As Douglas and Wind (1987) claim that distribution cost is more important than production cost. Strong arguments questioning economies of scales influence on promotion have also been evidenced (Douglas and Craig 1986; Onkvisit and Shaw 1987). Theodosiou and Leonidou ( 2003) take the discussion further by proposing that the central motive of organizations is long-term profits which could be achieved through adaptation rather than standardization. Further arguing that as low price customers are habitually not brand loyal (Keller 2003; Wind 1986) this raises a big question mark for the firms espousing standardization in the long run (Douglas and Wind 1987; Wind 1986). Similarly another argument in favor of standardization is the intensification in homogenized needs of global customers resulting in an increasing number of similar market segments across countries. This increased in globalization of customers is believed to be made possible by the development of transportation technologies (Levitt 1983). It is argued that the technological advancement results in augmented customer mobility producing global customers with homogenous needs (Cavusgil et al. 2008; Douglas and Wind 1987; Keegan et al. 1987; Theodosiou and Katsikeas 2001). These global customers are even prepared to sacrifice other features of product in order to acquire standardized product of high quality and low price (Levitt 1983). And this trend of customers choice is claimed to be the reason for many products to have universal specifications (Cavusgil et al. 2008). The companies going for standardization influence their suppliers to offer standardized products and this reflect why bu siness to business organizations have to go for standardization (Buzzell 1968; Douglas and Wind 1987; Yip 1989). Similarly Ohmae (1985) discusses the Triad in order to elaborate homogenization of customers. Triad, which encompasses the European Union, United States and Japan, seems to be filled with customers having large number of correspondences in their psychographic and demographic characteristics and this group of customers is open to globally vigorous companies (Ohmae 1985; Theodosiou and Katsikeas 2001). Because of the increasing number of these internationally savvy consumers with similar needs in terms of product and service features, several global customer segments ,based on behavior rather than religious or political margins, are proposed, by researchers, to be pleased with standardized offerings (Armstrong and Kotler 2007; Cavusgil et al. 2008; Hassan et al. 2003; Hassan and Craft 2005). Whereas Wiechmann and Pringle (1979) claim that there is always friction between home and host markets, this friction could be between the company and its foreign distributor or foreign customer and / or even between home country and host country offices. This friction is result of different environmental discrepancies between the two markets. It is suggested that adaption can help minimize this friction resulting in better performance (Shoham 2002; Shoham and Albaum 1994). Another frequently mentioned justification to why international companies should adopt standardization is the technological advancement in communications and information (Buzzell 1968; Jain 1989; Terpstra and Sarathy 2000; Zou and Cavusgil 2002). There are several channels on television available to customers globally via cable and satellites (Elinder 1965; Jobber 2007). In addition to this, international availability of English language print media can be traced back to decades (Terpstra and Sarathy 2000). likewise internet has also developed into a vibrant marketing device worldwide (Chaffey et al. 2006; Mohammed et al. 2003). All this presents a global market for standardized advertisement. And it backs Levitts (1983) claim that people would want things promoted on these new technologies. These marketing tools enable and direct the use of standardized marketing strategies (Theodosiou and Leonidou 2003; Zou and Cavusgil 2002). However, it is also argued that new technology brings w ith it more flexibility which favor adaptation and a firm can use this to have advantage over its competitors (Douglas and Craig 1986; Douglas and Wind 1987; Shoham 1999). Fairly allied with the homogenization of customers and market segments, mentioned earlier, is the proliferation in regional economic amalgamation, taking place globally. The past few years have seen an extraordinary spread of regional trade arrangements. With the most noticeable regional economic amalgamations, till date, to be the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) and European Union (EU). It is argued that standardized strategies are most likely to be successful in these areas (Cavusgil et al. 2008; Hill 2007; Theodosiou and Katsikeas 2001; Wild et al. 2005). As these agreements aim to remove trade barriers this intern facilitate internationalization of firms which brings with itself globalization of customers in these integrated regions (Hill 2007; Wild et al. 2005). Where on one had we find claims in favor of standardization On the other hand Friedman (2000) debates that standardization may work for limited number of product. Adding on to this claim are Douglas and Craig (1986) litigating that there is no evidence available to support the standardization view. Many scholars have debated that there exists a fairly large difference between the foreign markets and for this reason the marketing strategies should be adjusted according to the specifications of individual foreign market (Cavusgil et al. 2008; Cavusgil et al. 1993; Czinkota and Ronkainen 2007; Shoham 1995; Terpstra and Sarathy 2000; Theodosiou and Leonidou 2003). Different arguments have been given in favor of adaption; some highlighting the variances in the distribution channels (Daniels et al. 2007), while others highlighting the differences in national preferences (Cavusgil et al. 2008; Wind 1986). Such statements have been made by the advocates of adaptation in an effort to claim ad aptation to be a better strategy. And it has been testified that even the giant brands, like Coca Cola and McDonalds, incur numerous adaptation strategies in accordance to their foreign markets (Czinkota and Ronkainen 2007) Analysis and result: Putting it in a nutshell we may say that technological advancement, homogenization of customers worldwide and economic integration pushes organizations to adapt standardization in order to prosper (Buzzell 1968; Cavusgil et al. 1993; Levitt 1983; Sustar 2005). However, on the other hand adaptation proponents are of the view that not only there exist significant differences between customers form different countries but also the technological encroachment in production may even cause eradication to the economies of scale argument. Further proposing that even if it doesnt completely remove the effect of economies of scale; it will reduce the effect to minimal level; hence, making adaptation a better suited strategy in the times to come. Although standardization and adaptation are two viewpoints that contradict each other, it is difficult to claim supremacy of one over the other. Both standardization and adaptation have their benefits, yet that does not imply that a strategy useful for one organization in some specific market will prove to be useful for the same organization in another market or may be for a different organization in the same market. There are number of factors that may influence the decision of adaptation of Standardization or Adaptation (Jain 1989). Massive work has been done in order to identify and chock down a list of different factors influencing the decision of selecting adaptation or standardization, in a very general manner ( Johnson and Arunthanes 1995; Lages and Montgomery 2004; Lee and Griffith 2004; Theodosiou and Katsikeas 2001). Furthermore, ÃÆ'-zsomer et al. (1991) has done a more systematic study of these influencing factors. . Cavusgil and Zou (1994) came up with a further simplifi ed description of the aspects that need to be taken into account when making the decision of choosing to move towards standardization or adaptation. This orderly arrangement has been used by number of academics ( Katsikeas et al. 2006; Michell et al. 1998; ÃÆ'-zsomer and Simonin 2004). Managerial implications: As through the discussion it is clear that both standardization and adaption have their pros and corns and along with a number of other factors influencing the decision of choosing the accurate strategy that will be successful in a particular condition for an organization. For this reason when an organizations decides to go global, their Managers must not think of supremacy of standardization over adaptation or vice versa, rather they need to understand the market they are going in and should also understand their organization along with all the influencing factors in order to decide which strategy, Adaptation or Standardization, would lead the organization towards their major goal of being successful, when responding to the process of globalization. Limitations The above study tries to give deeper understanding about the continued under debate topic of standardization verses adaptation. However, due to shortage of time and resources there might be some areas not covered in this paper. Never the less it adds to the existing body of knowledge and further research could be done in order to understand the phenomenon of standardization and adaptation so as to know which strategy will suit in what kind of conditions, for a particular organization, in order to make the organization not only successful nationwide but also across the globe. A Anthony Pecotich and Steven Ward 2007 Anthony Pecotich and Steven Ward 2007 Global branding, country of origin and expertise An experimental evaluation Armstrong and Kotler 2007 Armstrong, Gary and Philip Kotler (2007), Marketing: An Introduction (9 ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Education Inc. B Bartels 1968 Bartels, Robert (1968), Are Domestic and International Marketing Dissimilar? Journal of Marketing, 32 (3), 56-61. Buzzell 1968 Buzzell, Robert (1968), Can you standardise multinational marketing? 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The Manifestations Of Globalisation Politics Essay

The Manifestations Of Globalisation Politics Essay Mittelman (2000, p 15) states that The manifestations of globalisation include the spatial reorganization of production, the interpenetration of industries across borders, the spread of financial markets, the diffusion of identical consumer goods to distant countries, massive transfers of population-mainly within the South as well as from the South and the East to the West, and an emerging worldwide (though not universal) preference for democracy. This introduction will highlight and lightly touch on the key points and arguments being raised, all of which will be elaborated on further in the body of the essay. We will first look at the impact globalization has had on the world. Globalization is merely a result of the mobility of three of the four factors of production, these factors being labour, capital and enterprise. However the globalization of business has led to an emerging global culture as ideas and knowledge are transported throughout the world. This emerging culture, coupled with the need for laws and regulation has given birth to the ideology of Global Governance (Bertucci, Alberti). As the trade procedures grew and crossed borders, where practices and cultures differed, there came the need for an international norm. As with anything new in this world, there will be arguments both for and against, however it is undeniable that the topic of globalization is a controversial one. The hyperglobalist would argue that free trade creates opportunities for global prosperity, peace and development and that both parties benefit from the mobilisation of trade, (Moore, 2003, p 9). On the other side of the coin, however, the globalization sceptics argue that one party loses out (usually the developing nations) and the rise of Global Governance poses a threat to a countrys sovereignty as some economies become interdependent or even reliant on Foreign Direct Investment. (Martell, 2010) Further arguments involve exploitation of the labour market and human rights violations all in the name of competitive advantage. Brune (2005) states that globalization has led to a drastic increase in child labour, sweatshops and other unethical practices as developing nations race for economic development, and so called first-world status. Finally we will look at the most pressing issue on the horizon today the environment. Many believe that the rapid spread of business and economic development is destroying the natural environment, thus raising the argument of sustainable growth. All these issues affect not only the business world, but the state too, and have given rise to International Governance Institutions which in simple terms serve to regulate, mediate and facilitate trade. The pre-globalisation state: Traditional functions of the central government The general assumption is that the government is a representation of a nation and that it is their job to uphold the rights of their people. Sliglitz states simply that the role of the state 150 years ago was to build the national economy and promote nation-building. Before globalization, the law began and ended with the government; it was the state that decided what policies to introduce, what laws to impose and enforce, how trade would be handled and mostly the degree of democracy within the country. The state preciously functioned on self interest, having no forceful external pressures meant that governance was a localised aspect, left up to the cultures, traditions, beliefs and preferences of that particular society. According to Mefleh, the state served to provide public goods, such as defence, education while maintaining order and bringing about economic growth. Globalization however, has impacted the way the state functions and set international standards that have be to adhered to in order to keep up with the wave of economic growth through assistance from organizations such as the World Bank and IMF. The biggest factor that has forced governments to transition and change their way of governing has been the spread of democracy in information and communication and the demand for transparency by the global community. International Governance Organisations : A new hierarchy However, Global economic integration has resulted in numerous emerging trends, one of the most important being the democratisation of information and communications (Friedman). One of the fore-fathers in economics, Adam Smith believed that an economy that opened its trade up to the international world would open itself up to national economic growth, but as this has happened the fundamental aspects of economies have been affected worldwide, leading to changes the way business is done (Moore). Countries have seen change both economically and socially, but these changes are not always positive, and this is where governance comes in. International governance organisations are meant to be a symbol of democracy and they have emerged as the need arose. They are large in numbers, and varied in their aims so we will look at some of the more powerful, well-known ones that are relevant to this essay. The United Nations is an umbrella organisation founded in 1945 after the Second World War, with the aim of preventing future disputes and wars through providing a platform for communication and mediation. This organisation has since expanded and become a super power. The UN has 192 member countries, out of the 245 countries in the world, each of which have to comply with the rules and regulations set by the organisation, or they risk losing out on the perks that come with being a member. A good example of this is the situation where in 2001 the IMF discontinued providing financial aid to Zimbabwe, as a result of the deficit occurred [IMF]. The International Monetary Fund (IMF) serves to provide developing nations with the finances necessary to develop their economies. When the debt was not repaid, and the IMF felt the terms had been broken they made a declaration of non-cooperation with the Zimbabwean government, cutting off the country from financial aid. This move put pressure on the government to rectify the issues that led to this deficit, as without financial backing the developing nation would be unable to achieve its poverty-relief goals. One of the main arguments against globalization is that developing nations receive the short end of the stick as they cannot compete in the international market against developed nations who have the knowledge, technology and finance which give these nations the competitive advantage. As a result of this, the World Trade Organization (WTO), which has 153 member states, has taken the role of trade mediator. This organization promotes free trade and assists in the building of trade blocs, international standardisation and trade regulations. The WTO has several committees which deal with anything from assessing standards and enforcing international standards, to environmental concerns, to anti-dumping legislation and has over time questioned trade practices, criticised, ostracised and helped develop trade blocs which have ultimately assisted many countries in their economic rise. India for example having a large, well-trained population was not able to penetrate the services industry in external markets until the Global governance has emerged in a time when it is needed. Many can argue that it takes away the power of the nation- state but there are many organizations that have changed the lives of people worldwide. The ILO enforces the International Labour Law, aimed at promoting equality, social justice, freedom of speech and an end to poverty. As the presence of unions has waned the ILO has been at the fore-front fighting for the rights of the labour force worldwide. An example of just how global this organization is would be the project run by the ILO in Mogadishu, Somalia. This country has seen years of economic strife, political instability and yet this organization was able to provide programmes that provided employment intense projects while promoting the equality of both men and women in the workplace. In a country that does not have a functioning government we see the need for a global system, for international standards and the benefits of having such organizations. Post-globalisation: The emerging roles of the state. It is clear that the welfare state is diminishing as free-market practices are being adopted and democracy is spreading like wildfire. However, although globalization has brought about many positive things, there have also been negative ones. As mentioned earlier in the introduction, the environment has become a great concern as businesses grow and the environment is damaged. One of the most esteemed and powerful organizations that exist solely to preserve the natural environment, Green Peace, have shown that businesses are polluting the water, air, irreparably damaging the environment as they struggle to compete in their respective markets. Because of this, it has fallen on the state now to regulate carbon emissions and promote sustainable, environmental friendly growth. In the United States the Environmental Protection Agency in California has set laws regarding carbon emissions and in Germany cars have to adhere to the Euro4 standards. These examples of how governments are impleme nting laws and regulations to protect the environment are just a few of the numerous measures being taken as a result of the pressure from the International community, and organisations such as Green Peace. Although globalization has led to the mobility of talent and knowledge it has also resulted in a wave of migrant labour from developing countries, to more economically developed nations. This has caused governments to tighten their immigration laws and so we see the aspect of nation-building is still present. On this topic England are imposing strict measures on allowing foreigners access to the country, after a period where laws regarding this were relatively lax (BBC NEWS). These laws are aimed mainly to protect the labour market as local Britons are losing work to migrant labour willing to accept lower wages and sub-standard working conditions while benefitting from the state-funded welfare. Governments now have to consider the implications of globalization on the labour market and act appropriately as they are still responsible for their citizens, even more so in democratic environments. The state does not only have to answer to any external organization it may be a part of, but in modern day politics the state has to answer to their people too. The media has become a powerful tool, and with democracy so wide-spread the elected state has become a medium of representation for the people, and is no longer a separate entity. The state still functions to develop the economy and protect its labour market, but now it also has the additional role of creating strategic alliances aimed at strengthening trade bonds that will contribute positively towards the economy. It is up to the government now to decide just how far they are willing to integrate and to use the platforms set up by organizations such as the WTO to negotiate the terms of trade to increase their competitiveness in the international market. To look directly at the question of International Governance organisations undermining the state, we can see that the state no longer has the power that it once used to. Each country that is a member of these global governing bodies has to abide by international law, and face criticism and even legal proceedings by the International Court of Justice. However, generally speaking, the state has become more transparent and even though they are answerable to other governing bodies, the state still has influence. Unfortunately some countries have more power than others depending on their political ties, but ceteris paribus, the state still has a necessary role to play.

Perceptions of War :: Violence Fighting War Essays

Perceptions of War One of the most interesting conflicts of perception, in my mind, is that of opposing soldiers in war. The outlook on World War II, from an American soldiers point of view, was vastly different than that of a German soldier. Both felt very strongly, that they were the righteous. This is hard for me to compare, seeing as I did not experience the events, but I will compare both points of view as accurately as I can. First of all, there is, and always has been a certain subliminal motivation, for American men to join the military. We are raised on stories of our fathers heroics in battle. The need to prove ourselves in combat is ingrained in our minds, since the first time we played war with our friends, as children. Almost every generation in history has their war after all. I believe many American men felt this need during World War II, stronger than any other period in American history. The country had just begun to recover from the depression, and Americans wanted to reestablish a sense of National pride. Once Germany and Japan declared war on the U.S., men were flocking to recruitment offices. The new recruits saw Nazi Germany as the tyrant of the world. They felt it was their duty to protect the interests of the globe from the German invaders. The Nazi Regime was like the dragon that must be slain, and we were the enlightened knight, who’s sword would crash down upon the beast like the hammer of justice. After rumors of the ill treatment of Jews, reached the U.S., thousands of Jewish American men joined the military. They were motivated by the age old dispute of religion. They wanted to help their fellow Jews, and wreak revenge upon the evil Nazis. Once in the field the soldiers point of view was only solidified, by the cruel horrors of war. Politics faded away, and hatred for the enemy is spawned by the death of your comrades. This hatred is taken out, not on a single man, but on every German encountered. Stories from the front, of capture, torture and brutal fighting, scared and angered American troops. Germany’s highly advanced weaponry, and relentless defense of every town, bridge, and hill, did not help the psychological effects on the G.I.’s mind. Regardless of all the violence, chaos and hardship suffered by the American soldier, he still knew he was fighting against tyranny. Perceptions of War :: Violence Fighting War Essays Perceptions of War One of the most interesting conflicts of perception, in my mind, is that of opposing soldiers in war. The outlook on World War II, from an American soldiers point of view, was vastly different than that of a German soldier. Both felt very strongly, that they were the righteous. This is hard for me to compare, seeing as I did not experience the events, but I will compare both points of view as accurately as I can. First of all, there is, and always has been a certain subliminal motivation, for American men to join the military. We are raised on stories of our fathers heroics in battle. The need to prove ourselves in combat is ingrained in our minds, since the first time we played war with our friends, as children. Almost every generation in history has their war after all. I believe many American men felt this need during World War II, stronger than any other period in American history. The country had just begun to recover from the depression, and Americans wanted to reestablish a sense of National pride. Once Germany and Japan declared war on the U.S., men were flocking to recruitment offices. The new recruits saw Nazi Germany as the tyrant of the world. They felt it was their duty to protect the interests of the globe from the German invaders. The Nazi Regime was like the dragon that must be slain, and we were the enlightened knight, who’s sword would crash down upon the beast like the hammer of justice. After rumors of the ill treatment of Jews, reached the U.S., thousands of Jewish American men joined the military. They were motivated by the age old dispute of religion. They wanted to help their fellow Jews, and wreak revenge upon the evil Nazis. Once in the field the soldiers point of view was only solidified, by the cruel horrors of war. Politics faded away, and hatred for the enemy is spawned by the death of your comrades. This hatred is taken out, not on a single man, but on every German encountered. Stories from the front, of capture, torture and brutal fighting, scared and angered American troops. Germany’s highly advanced weaponry, and relentless defense of every town, bridge, and hill, did not help the psychological effects on the G.I.’s mind. Regardless of all the violence, chaos and hardship suffered by the American soldier, he still knew he was fighting against tyranny.

Male Specific Neurons In Flies Essay -- Biology Fly

Have you watched a fly chase another fly all around the room and ever wonder how they manage to always be so close together even though the prey is trying its best to get away? Well, some scientists wondered. They were intrigued with this "mating chase" of the male fly after the female fly. You could say that the female was trying to play hard to get while the male lustily engages the pursuit. The male nearly always gets his "prey". However, if the female fly tried to chase the male, she would have no such luck. This is due to the sexual dimorphism of the fly. The male fly has a superior visual system to the female which he can use to locate and intercept the female fly in flight; however, the female fly does not have this advantage. The male-specific neurons that control the fly's superior visual system are complicated and intricate. The history behind the study of the fly's neurons begins with a 19th Century scientist by the name of Cajal. He studied neural systems and was the first to isolate nerve cells near the surface of the brain. His work led to a greater study of neurobiology and the passion for attempting to understand the workings of the nervous system. However, real progress in this field did not culminate until Land and Collett established a remarkable theoretical model of the two part visual system of the fly's brain. This model was incredibly close to the actual structure and function of the male fly's visual system. The structure of the male's eyes are even different to the female's. When looking at the two side by side, one can readily see the differences. Even these outer physical differences attribute to the male's superiority with his binocular vision and the ability to keep a target continually in his... ...y will compensate, yaw, pitch, and thrust, to return the target image into the area of male specific neurons. This behavior is found only in male flies, and while female flies are attracted to flickering objects as males are, they do not use have a different system to control yaw torque as males do. The males employ a position- independent system of tracking using yaw adjustments, relying on direction. This allows the males to intercept a target or change direction in tracking without overshooting the target. Females are unable to do this. The males also use pitch and thrust to pursue other flies. The position of the target in the mid-sagittal plane drives the pitch, based on the elevation of the target's image. Thrust relates to the distance between the pursuer and the target. The relationship between target range and velocity is shown to be male-specific behavior.

Reflective thinking essay Essay

Early this week we where given a assessment to complete. I found the concept to be very interesting and I began to think about how the honest opinions of my peers would effect me. In an attempt to maintain an open mind and to maintain the effectiveness of the exercise, I tried to rate my peers based on where they actually stand. This is more difficult than one would think, I tended to want to rate some one else based off of how they would in my mind rate me. A couple days later it was time to reveal the results of the peer assessment, and admittedly, I was pretty nervous. I usually like to feel as though I am liked by every one and to know that I would for sure have some negative things brought to my attention was a bit nerve racking. We sat down and discussed where we all stand as a class is concerned and much to my surprise most of my feedback was good. The negative things that where brought up I was distinctly aware of already so I feel as though I took that well. I will try to continue in my efforts to resolve these issues and focus on self improvement. I think over all My perception of my self was confirmed. I would also say that this was the case for the majority of the class. Most people where aware of there flaws. I also think that we grew as a class, knowing the true feelings of your peers and can help to resolve differences between class mates. Over all the entire exercise was a great success in my eyes.

Dan-Erik Nilsson: A Research Paper

How truly complex and remarkable structures such as the human eye could evolve has almost always been one of the direst questions that have puzzled biologists around the world. We know that human sight relies on the ability of our eye to be able to form a clear and focused image on the retina. There are many researchers who have studied this issue, most of which who have suggested that prior to the evolution of the lens, there was a â€Å"regulatory link between two tiers of genres, those that would later become responsible for controlling lens development, and those that would help give the lens its special physical properties†¦it is†¦This combination of genes which appears to have then been selected in an early vertebrae during the evolution of its visual system, giving rise to the lens† (Current Biology, 2005). The history of research on this matter is long and extensive, and although there are really no evolutionary biologists known better than Charles Darwin, wh o stated that â€Å"To suppose that the eye, with all its inimitable contrivances for adjusting the focus to different distances, for admitting different amounts of light, and for the correction of spherical and chromatic aberration, could have been formed by natural selection, seems, I freely confess, absurd in the highest possible degree† (Ridley, 2004). There are also many other evolutionary biologists who must be taken into consideration here, one in particular to be referenced in this report, Dan-Erik Nilsson.When it comes to a subject such as evolutionary biology, there are plenty of critics and skeptics that are present in this regards. Through natural selection, there have been many very different types of eyes which have emerged in evolutionary history in general, and for instance Darwin, who was one of the first truly recognized, acknowledged from the start that â€Å"the eye would have been a difficult case for his new theory to explain. Difficult, but not impossi ble.Scientists have come up with scenarios through which the first eye-like structure, a light-sensitive pigmented spot on the skin, could have gone through changes and complexities to form the human eye, with its many parts and astounding abilities† (Evolution Library, 2007). Biologists in general use the range of less complex light sensitive structures that exist in living species today in order to come to hypotheses regarding the various evolutionary stages that eyes may have gone through over time.One evolutionary biologist in general who has sparked much controversy, especially regarding the issue of the evolution of the eye, is Dan-Erik Nilsson. I chose this individual to focus on for this assignment because he has been so renowned and recognized in terms of his contributions to this matter. Specifically, his major contribution to evolution was his demonstration that a primitive optical sense organ could â€Å"evolve into a complex human-like eye within a reasonable per iod (less than a million years) simply through small mutations and natural selection† (Nilsson, 1994). His demonstration involves discussing how the complex human eye could have possibly evolved through natural selection acting on certain and specific, small variations.He began with a simple patch of light sensitive cells, from which his model evolves until a clear image is produced as a result. Nilsson found that â€Å"eyes corresponding to every stage in this sequence have been found in existing living sequences. The existence of this range of less complex light-sensitive structures supports scientists’ hypotheses about how complex eyes like ours could evolve. The first animals with anything resembling an eye lived about 550 million years ago. And, according to one scientist’s calculations, only 364,000 years would have been needed for a camera-like eye to evolve from a light-sensitive patch† (Evolution Library, 2004).It was found from his discoveries th at every change had to confer at least some sort of survival advantage, regardless of how slight each change actually was. Eventually from this what Nilsson found was that eventually the light-sensitive spot evolved into a retina, which is the known term for the layer of cells and pigment at the back of the human eye. Then, â€Å"Over time a lens formed at the front of the eye. It could have arisen as a double-layered transplant tissue containing increasing amounts of liquid that gave it the convex curvature of the human eye† (Evolution Library, 2007).I agree with Nilsson’s views because he shows in all of his work how much time and consideration he has put into the matter and he has solid, concrete proof behind every one of his theories. His life in retrospect also solidifies him as an intelligent, reliable evolutionary biologist, and also his work involving Darwin’s theories, as Nilsson and fellow evolutionary biologists worked to basically disprove many of hi s known theories. In particular they simulated a model of the eye to find out how difficult evolution really is. Nilsson allowed the shape of the model eye to change at random, in steps of no more than 1% change at a time.â€Å"The model eye then evolved in the computer, with each new generation formed from the optically superior eyes in the previous generation; changes that made the optics worse were rejected, as selection would reject them in nature†¦The work illustrates the value of building models to test our institutions† (Ridley, 2004). Nilsson’s research has absolutely had a great and significant impact on the field of evolutionary biology because his theories have all been so new and innovative and incredibly sufficient of proving that there is in fact an evolution of the eye.Overall from this report we can conclude a number of things, in particular that over his life Dan-Erik Nilsson made some seriously significant contributions to the field through his w ork in the evolution of the eye theories, and this is not only on his own but in accompaniment with other evolutionary biologists as well.ReferencesCurrent Biology, Vol. 15, Pages 1684-1689, September 20, 2006. DOI10.1016/j.cub.2005.08.046Evolution Library. (2007). Evolution of the Eye. Retrieved September 21, 2007, fromhttp://www.pbs.org/wgbh/evolution/library/01/1/l_011_01.htmlNilsson, Dan-E. (1994). â€Å"Beware of Pseudo-Science: A Response to David Berlinkski’s Attackon my Calculation of how Long it Takes for an Eye to Evolve†. Talk Reason. Dan-Erik Nilsson: A Research Paper How truly complex and remarkable structures such as the human eye could evolve has almost always been one of the direst questions that have puzzled biologists around the world. We know that human sight relies on the ability of our eye to be able to form a clear and focused image on the retina. There are many researchers who have studied this issue, most of which who have suggested that prior to the evolution of the lens, there was a â€Å"regulatory link between two tiers of genres, those that would later become responsible for controlling lens development, and those that would help give the lens its special physical properties†¦it is†¦This combination of genes which appears to have then been selected in an early vertebrae during the evolution of its visual system, giving rise to the lens† (Current Biology, 2005).The history of research on this matter is long and extensive, and although there are really no evolutionary biologists known better than Charles Darwin, who stated that â€Å"To suppose that the eye, with all its inimitable contrivances for adjusting the focus to different distances, for admitting different amounts of light, and for the correction of spherical and chromatic aberration, could have been formed by natural selection, seems, I freely confess, absurd in the highest possible degree† (Ridley, 2004). There are also many other evolutionary biologists who must be taken into consideration here, one in particular to be referenced in this report, Dan-Erik Nilsson.When it comes to a subject such as evolutionary biology, there are plenty of critics and skeptics that are present in this regards. Through natural selection, there have been many very different types of eyes which have emerged in evolutionary history in general, and for instance Darwin, who was one of the first truly recognized, acknowledged from the start that â€Å"the eye would have been a difficult case for his new theory to explain. Difficult, but not impossib le. Scientists have come up with scenarios through which the first eye-like structure, a light-sensitive pigmented spot on the skin, could have gone through changes and complexities to form the human eye, with its many parts and astounding abilities† (Evolution Library, 2007). Biologists in general use the range of less complex light sensitive structures that exist in living species today in order to come to hypotheses regarding the various evolutionary stages that eyes may have gone through over time.One evolutionary biologist in general who has sparked much controversy, especially regarding the issue of the evolution of the eye, is Dan-Erik Nilsson. I chose this individual to focus on for this assignment because he has been so renowned and recognized in terms of his contributions to this matter. Specifically, his major contribution to evolution was his demonstration that a primitive optical sense organ could â€Å"evolve into a complex human-like eye within a reasonable per iod (less than a million years) simply through small mutations and natural selection† (Nilsson, 1994). His demonstration involves discussing how the complex human eye could have possibly evolved through natural selection acting on certain and specific, small variations.He began with a simple patch of light sensitive cells, from which his model evolves until a clear image is produced as a result. Nilsson found that â€Å"eyes corresponding to every stage in this sequence have been found in existing living sequences. The existence of this range of less complex light-sensitive structures supports scientists’ hypotheses about how complex eyes like ours could evolve. The first animals with anything resembling an eye lived about 550 million years ago.And, according to one scientist’s calculations, only 364,000 years would have been needed for a camera-like eye to evolve from a light-sensitive patch† (Evolution Library, 2004). It was found from his discoveries th at every change had to confer at least some sort of survival advantage, regardless of how slight each change actually was. Eventually from this what Nilsson found was that eventually the light-sensitive spot evolved into a retina, which is the known term for the layer of cells and pigment at the back of the human eye. Then, â€Å"Over time a lens formed at the front of the eye. It could have arisen as a double-layered transplant tissue containing increasing amounts of liquid that gave it the convex curvature of the human eye† (Evolution Library, 2007).I agree with Nilsson’s views because he shows in all of his work how much time and consideration he has put into the matter and he has solid, concrete proof behind every one of his theories. His life in retrospect also solidifies him as an intelligent, reliable evolutionary biologist, and also his work involving Darwin’s theories, as Nilsson and fellow evolutionary biologists worked to basically disprove many of hi s known theories. In particular they simulated a model of the eye to find out how difficult evolution really is. Nilsson allowed the shape of the model eye to change at random, in steps of no more than 1% change at a time.â€Å"The model eye then evolved in the computer, with each new generation formed from the optically superior eyes in the previous generation; changes that made the optics worse were rejected, as selection would reject them in nature†¦The work illustrates the value of building models to test our institutions† (Ridley, 2004). Nilsson’s research has absolutely had a great and significant impact on the field of evolutionary biology because his theories have all been so new and innovative and incredibly sufficient of proving that there is in fact an evolution of the eye.Overall from this report we can conclude a number of things, in particular that over his life Dan-Erik Nilsson made some seriously significant contributions to the field through his w ork in the evolution of the eye theories, and this is not only on his own but in accompaniment with other evolutionary biologists as well.ReferencesCurrent Biology, Vol. 15, Pages 1684-1689, September 20, 2006. DOI10.1016/j.cub.2005.08.046Evolution Library. (2007). Evolution of the Eye. Retrieved September 21, 2007, fromhttp://www.pbs.org/wgbh/evolution/library/01/1/l_011_01.htmlNilsson, Dan-E. (1994). â€Å"Beware of Pseudo-Science: A Response to David Berlinkski’s Attackon my Calculation of how Long it Takes for an Eye to Evolve†. Talk Reason.Ridley, M. (2004). Evolution of the Eye. Retrieved September 21, 2007, fromhttp://www.blackwellpublishing.com/ridley/a-z/Evolution_of_the_eye.asp

Digital Fortress Chapter 49

Becker dragged himself off the floor of the bus and collapsed in an empty seat. â€Å"Nice move, dipshit.† The kid with the three spikes sneered. Becker squinted in the stark lighting. It was the kid he'd chased onto the bus. He glumly surveyed the sea of red, white, and blue coiffures. â€Å"What's with the hair?† Becker moaned, motioning to the others. â€Å"It's all†¦Ã¢â‚¬  â€Å"Red, white, and blue?† the kid offered. Becker nodded, trying not to stare at the infected perforation in the kid's upper lip. â€Å"Judas Taboo,† the kid said matter-of-factly. Becker looked bewildered. The punk spit in the aisle, obviously disgusted with Becker's ignorance. â€Å"Judas Taboo? Greatest punk since Sid Vicious? Blew his head off here a year ago today. It's his anniversary.† Becker nodded vaguely, obviously missing the connection. â€Å"Taboo did his hair this way the day he signed off.† The kid spit again. â€Å"Every fan worth his weight in piss has got red, white, and blue hair today.† For a long moment, Becker said nothing. Slowly, as if he had been shot with a tranquilizer, he turned and faced front. Becker surveyed the group on the bus. Every last one was a punk. Most were staring at him. Every fan has red, white, and blue hair today. Becker reached up and pulled the driver-alert cord on the wall. It was time to get off. He pulled again. Nothing happened. He pulled a third time, more frantically. Nothing. â€Å"They disconnect 'em on bus 27.† The kid spat again. â€Å"So we don't fuck with 'em.† Becker turned. â€Å"You mean, I can't get off?† The kid laughed. â€Å"Not till the end of the line.† Five minutes later, the bus was barreling along an unlit Spanish country road. Becker turned to the kid behind him. â€Å"Is this thing ever going to stop?† The kid nodded. â€Å"Few more miles.† â€Å"Where are we going?† He broke into a sudden wide grin. â€Å"You mean you don't know?† Becker shrugged. The kid started laughing hysterically. â€Å"Oh, shit. You're gonna love it.†

Apes Air Pollution Vocabulary

Chapter 17 Vocab * Acid deposition- the settling of acidic or acid-forming pollutants from the atmosphere onto Earth’s surface. * Acid rain- Acid deposition that takes place through rain. * Aerosols- very fine liquid droplets or solid particles aloft in the atmosphere. * Air pollutant- gases and particulate material added to the atmosphere that can affect climate or harm people or other organisms. * Air pollution- the act of pollution the air, or the condition of being polluted by air pollutants. Ambient air pollution- see outdoor pollution * Atmospheric pressure- the weight per unit area produced by a column of air * Carbon monoxide- a colorless, odorless gas produced primarily by the incomplete combustion of fuel. * CFC’s- chlorofluorocarbon. One of a group of human-made organic compounds derived from simple hydrocarbons in which hydrogen atoms are replaced by chlorine, bromine, fluorine. Clean Air Act of 1970- revision of prior congressional legislation to control ai r pollution that set stricter standards for air quality, imposed limits on emissions from new stationary and mobile sources, provided new funds for pollution-control research and enabled citizens to sue parties violating the standards. * Clean Air Act of 1990- congressional legislation that strengthened regulations pertaining to air quality standards, auto emissions, toxic air pollution, acid deposition, and depletion of the ozone layer, while also introducing market-based incentives to reduce pollution. Cold front- the boundary where a mass of cold air displaces a mass of warmer air. * Convective circulation- a circular current driven by temperature differences * Coriolis effect-The observed effect of the Coriolis force, especially the deflection of an object moving above the earth, rightward in the northern hemisphere and leftward in the southern hemisphere. Criteria pollutant- six air pollutants- carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide, tropospheric ozone, particulate m atter, and lead- for which the Environmental Protection Agency has established maximum allowable concentrations in ambient outdoor air because of the threats they pose to human health. * Ferrel cell-An atmospheric cell lying between the two thermally direct cells: the Polar cell and the Hadley cell. It transfers warm air to high latitudes and shifts cold air back to the subtropics, where it is warmed. Front- the boundary between air masses that differ in temperature and moisture. * Ground level ozone- see tropospheric ozone. * Hadley cell- A large-scale atmospheric convection cell in which air rises at the equator and sinks at medium latitudes. * Halocarbons- A chlorofluorocarbon or other compound in which the hydrogen of a hydrocarbon is replaced by halogens. * Inversion layer- in a temperature inversion, the band of air in which temperature rises with altitude. Montreal Protocol- he Montreal Protocol on Substances That Deplete the Ozone Layer is a protocol to the Vienna Convention for the Protection of the Ozone Layer. It is an international treaty designed to protect the ozone layer by phasing out the production of a number of substances believed to be responsible for ozone depletion. * Nitrogen dioxide- a foul-smelling reddish brown gas that contributes to smog and acid deposition. * Outdoor pollution-air pollution that occurs outdoors Ozone depleting substances- airborne chemicals that destroy ozone molecules and thin the ozone layer * Ozone hole- thinning of the ozone layer over Antarctica. * Ozone layer- a portion of the stratosphere that contains most of the ozone * Particulate matter- solid or liquid particles small enough to be suspended in the atmosphere and able to damage respiratory tissues when inhaled. * Photochemical smog- air pollution containing ozone and other reactive chemical compounds formed by the action of sunlight on nitrogen oxides and hydrocarbons, especially those in automobile exhaust. Polar cell- one of a pair of cells of convecti ve circulation. * Primary pollutant- directly harmful * Relative humidity-the ratio of the water vapor contained in a given volume of air to the maximum amount the air could contain for a given temperature * Residence time- in a biogeochemical cycle, the amount of time a nutrient remains in a given pool or reservoir before moving to another * Secondary pollutant- added to the atmosphere Sick building syndrome- a building-related illness produced by indoor pollution in which the specific cause is not identifiable. * Stratosphere- the layer of the atmosphere above the troposphere and below the mesosphere * Temperature inversion- an abnormal increase in temperature with height in the troposphere * Troposphere- the bottommost layer of the atmosphere * VOCs- volatile organic compound