Freedom Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Freedom - Essay Example Thomas, lead character of the story, who is living the life of suffering in Chicago's ghettos until he gets his ticket out of craving to get freedom. Bigger is hampered with a powerful zeal that he has cannot control his life and that he cannot do anything other than working as a labor. The character is very complex and has very low confidence level. The novel may only be compared to the Richard Wright supporting culture, and a very complex in fact a negative picture of the black Americans. Mary’s murder gives Bigger a sense of power and identity he has never known. Which though leads him to death at the end but he struggled hard to overcome all his weakness his poverty. He has a great feeling of freedom too as explained in the novel. â€Å"Bigger has a strong feeling of freedom: "Sort of natural-like, me being here facing that death chair. Now I realize about it, it seems like something like this just had to be. He is then fated to death and faces his destiny impenitently. T hinking of that 'the reason I killed for, I am!' Though in prison, shows a great need for a common brotherhood. This actually shows what Wright really think of freedom. As he considered freedom a term when one can free him from any regret from every sin he has done mistakenly or with conscious mind which leads him to death yet is effective as it will end. The novel shows various annoying characteristics of Thomas. As though he was a very terrified boy from white that he never ever tried to rob the white with his gang as he take white not an individual but as a group. So he was very much terrifying and may be his fear will then end at such violence. Richard Wrights has a very complex definition of freedom. As doing a complete analysis of Thomas it seems that writer is a very deep critic of the society’s cruel attitude and the strange implementation of those rules that support racism. He portrays the character as it is a real discovery of such cruel society. Wright has a clear an idea of freedom and also he discovers many hurdles can be faced by achieving such levels of freedom are not possible until one can sacrifice greatly. Mary, Mr. Dalton’s daughter was a really against this racism so she threaten Thomas to forget about all the taboos and to encourage him she spent full night with his boy friend and Bigger her boy friend Jan desperate to prove their liberal thoughts and racial tolerance against the black Americans. Despite Bigger’s embracement they spent great time with him. This is another way of depicting that this is not possible to get a real freedom. As though the couple is giving Thomas a great opportunity to interact with a class of white people but he acts annoyingly. That shows at any cost bigger does not have the ability to overcome his inferiority complex enforced in him from his childhood that may lead to a strange criminal mind set. Like after that evening they get drunk heavily. And Bigger drove to home. Afterward, Mary is too drunk as she cannot go to her bedroom on her own, so Bigger helps her to get there. Drunk and as he get freedom he started kissing Mary. That depicts what the writer another perception towards the fears and complexes of one man that leads him towards violating all the rules. And act like animal as when he get a little space and a chance he forgot what is right and what is wrong and freely do what his fear asks him to do. This is a way to get freedom but deeply this is not a real freedom actually this is an outcome of all those

Hemingways Writing Style Essay Example for Free

Hemingways Writing Style Essay From almost the beginning of his writing career, Hemingways distinctive style occasioned a great deal of comment and controversy. Basically, his style is simple, direct, and unadorned, probably as a result of his early newspaper training. He avoids the adjective whenever possible, but because he is a master at transmitting emotion without the flowery prose of his Victorian novelist predecessors, the effect is far more telling. In Observations on the Style of Ernest Hemingway, from Contexts of Criticism by Harry Levin (Harvard University Press, 1957), the critic says: Hemingway puts his emphasis on nouns because, among other parts of speech, they come closest to things. Stringing them along by means of conjunctions, he approximates the actual flow of experience. Hemingway has often been described as a master of dialog, and most readers agree, upon being first introduced to his writing, that this is the way these characters would really talk. It is interesting to note, however, that Hemingways one attempt at playwriting was a failure. Actually, a close examination of his dialog will reveal that this is rarely the way people really speak. The effect is accomplished, rather, by the calculated emphasis and repetition which makes us remember what has been said. Since the critics cannot entirely agree on Hemingways style, perhaps the best way is to put it into the authors own words. Shortly before his tragic death, Hemingway gave to the Wisdom Foundation in California a collection of his observations on life and art, love and death. They were published in the January 1963, issue of Playboy magazine, and in them Hemingway said of his writing: I do most of my work in my head. I never begin to write until my ideas are in order. Frequently I recite passages of dialogue as it is being written; the ear is a good censor. I never set down a sentence on paper until I have it so expressed that it will be clear to anyone. Yet, I sometimes think that my style is suggestive rather than direct. The reader must often use his imagination or lose the most subtle part of my thoughts. I take great pains with my work, pruning and revising with a tireless hand. I have the welfare of my creations very much at heart. I cut them with infinite care, and burnish them until they become brilliants. What many another writer would be content to leave in massive proportions, I polish into a tiny gem. Hemingway goes on at some length, but the essence of what he says may be in this paragraph: A writers style should be direct and personal, his imagery rich and earthy, and his words simple and vigorous. The greatest writers have the gift of brilliant brevity, are hard workers, diligent scholars and competent stylists. To explain Hemingways style adequately in a few paragraphs is impossible. Scores of articles, and even some books, have been written on the subject, and it is to these that the serious student should go for additional, more detailed information.

My personal Goals Essay -- essays research papers

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The personal goals that I want to achieve as a student of the University of Phoenix are in the education and career areas of my life. In my education, my major goal is to gain knowledge in computers and network administration, eventually culminating in a Bachelor of Science in Information Technology. I also wish to strengthen my grammar and interpersonal skills. In my career, my goal is to either advance from my current career as a paralegal to that of an office manager or to enter into a different career as information technology department administrator. I will use staff and university services in order to achieve my goals in a reasonable timeframe with limited obstacles. To achieve these goals I plan on using the University of Phoenix’s classes and academic services and to eventually use the degree I will receive from the university. To achieve my education goals I plan on using classes and academic services provided by the University of Phoenix. To strengthen my grammar and interpersonal skills, I plan on taking classes at the University of Phoenix that will give me more confidence and experience in writing and communication. I also plan on attending writing workshops that the University of Phoenix offers and use of the Center for Writing Excellence to help me as well. To gain knowledge and training in computer and network administration I plan on taking the computer courses that the University of Phoenix offers. I plan on taking computer-...

Facebook and Student Essay

People use Facebook for many reasons; some of them consider it the vehicle to communicate with their friends, including old friends or current friends; some agree that it also helps them relax when they are stressful; others, on the other hand, might argue that Facebook brings distractions to them (Facebook 101). For instance, my friend, a quite person, did not socialize with people in both real life and in the Internet community. However, after knowing Facebook in a short period of time, he became addicted to it. He used most of his time to chat with friends, to play games, and to stare at his Facebook profile. Now, his friends list comes up to 300 and he daily logs on Facebook from 3 to 4 hours a day. Hopefully, this research of our group will help college students get better understanding of the role of Facebook in students’ lives. Moreover, not only students in general but also people of all ages will gain their cognitive of the advantages and disadvantages of Facebook. The research will benefit reader to determine whether Facebook is good or bad for human being. Furthermore, if people use it as a habit or want to check of how frequently they use it, they could apply this research as an important source to figure out whether they are addicted to Facebook or not, or where they are in the rank. Hypotheses: Our research paper is mainly focused on the impacts of Facebook on BHCC students. The effects will be discussed on both negative and positive sides of Facebook. First of all, we predict that Facebook will mostly bring negative effects on students and employees. If they use it so repeatedly, they might be addicted and cause distractions in working or studying. This is already proved in the story of my friend. Secondly, because of the separation of geographies or busy life, people tend to talk less and type more in this modern life. So, we also want to check it out of how many percentages that Facebook occupies our private lives. The last assumption will mention about privacy threat on Facebook. On the other hand, besides of its negative, our group wants to observe how people use Facebook effectively since it is the most useful communication tool to most people. Research Method: Our research was done with the survey format of 22 questions. We developed questions with many concerns about Facebook. All the questions were related directly to our purposes, which are substitution of social life, distractions to school/work, privacy theft, and communication tool. Approximately each category will cover from 4 to 5 questions to get into deep understanding of the aspects. Each of the questions shows the list of answers for participants to demonstrate their thoughts. When we provide the survey to participants, we are not stay close to them to make sure that they could feel comfortable when filling the questions. We are not going to record any participants’ names and to remain them anonymous. To do that, we could get the answers honestly and that would serve the expectation of our group. Participants and Procedure: Our group met several times for the research very carefully to discuss what we would do for the plan. First, we decided to work on Facebook but it was such the general issue for us whether to go on its good or bad sides. Properly, many college students just see advantage sides but they do not perspective of its side effects. Hence, we combined both sides, and decided that we would concentrate more on the negative effects of Facebook. After gathering all the questions of each member, we filtered and arranged them in order in the survey. To collect and choose which questions are suitable for out hypotheses, it took us almost two weeks to come up with all agreements. Understanding that people are hesitating to help our research, the reasons are vary as they are in rush, they are lazy, or even they do not want to listen to what we talking about. Furthermore, we targeted on BHCC’s college student, so we finally chose to go to the BHCC’s library or started with our other classmates to get the results. Moreover, we provided our team members spent a week conducting the survey to ensure that they could do the project thoroughly. Especially, we already created Facebook group account for our members to share, to debate, and to discuss and make sure we were on the right track. Surprisingly, the results came out our pleasure: BHCC’s students were eager and happy to help us when asked to fill out with Facebook questions. However, very few numbers of participants answer our  survey quickly and unready, so we already ignore those minorities. Data Results and Analysis: Our group had a total of 162 surveys, which were added by all of our group members. In our last question we asking people about â€Å"What would you rather describe Facebook as?†, and the result did not surprise us, we already knew that as an assumption. More than half of our participants –118 out of 162 or 73 percent of total result– consented that Facebook as a useful communication too. Some of them added that they used Facebook to communicate with friends and families, to share pictures, videos, status and information, or to kill time if bored; therefore, most of them choose to pick its good side as an answer. The last 27 percent, 44 of 162, chose â€Å"a powerful distraction† as the result (Figure 1). As you can see on the chart (Figure 2), it can explain why three-fourth of our participants prefers Facebook as useful tool (Figure 1). There are so many ways to use Facebook that suite with people interests. The majority of participants use Facebook to check mail, to chat, to communicate, and to update friends’ information as 97 of 497 (19%), 80 of 497 (16%), 75 of 497 (15%), and 62 of 497 (13%) respectively. Besides that, 4% users also log in Facebook for playing games/quizzes, and 9% use it for relaxing when bored. It is interesting that there are a small number of participants – 11 students, approximately 2% in total – choose Facebook as a studying tool. As we mention above, Facebook is also distractive at work and school, and the statistic already proved this. 56 percentages – slightly above half of the percentages — access to Facebook at home, 21 percentages and 4 percentages do that at work and school. The rest 19 percentages access by cell phones; even though we do not know exactly where they use them, we indicate they are not properly use them at home. (Figure 3) According to the results from survey, we divided this bar chart into two categories: addicted group and non-addicted group. The first group includes many times/day, more than 2 hours/day, 1-2 hours/day, and 3-5 hours/week. The other is 1-2 hours/week and less than an hour/week. Both groups have  nearly equal balance about 50 percent each; therefore, we could have more trustful information and it is not bias. (Figure 4) After all, we conclude BHCC’s students are not really addicted on Facebook. They contribute equally in both studying/working and relaxing on Facebook. We agree that Facebook right now is the most popular use in the world and it is on the way growing up, yet it still cannot replace other multimedia communications like phones in general, instant messengers, and in direct with person. In the figure 5, Facebook occupies the smallest percentage in the pie chart with 17%. The next two common ways of communicating with friends are using instant messengers like Yahoo, AIM, MSN, or Skype (19%), and socializing with friend face to face (18%). Absolutely, instant messengers and in person have theirs advantages in communication because we can listen and talk simultaneously, or even we can see our partner faces by webcams. The largest percentage is using phones which are 46%. They are still the most familiar way to exchange all the time by talking and texting. We assume that because of its lack of â€Å"live† features like those above, Facebook still cannot be a substitution in personal life. Figure 6 and figure 7 show us â€Å"How many friends are there in participant friend’s list?†, and â€Å"With how many out of your Facebook friends do you frequently communicate?† People tent to protect their privacies by having fewer friends than ever on Facebook, 53 percentages and 35 percentages are chosen to have less than 100 friends and from 100 to 200 friends in friends’ list (Figure 6). In there, 25% and 50% is the most common rank to contact with friends on friends’ list, approximately 52 percentages. The next best option is less than 25% with 31 percentages (Figure 7). Our results in the survey proved that people do not really want to socialize usually on Facebook; they just need Facebook to relax, not the place for them to put their personal information. In the next graph will show how Facebook users think of privacy when using it. (Figure 8) More than half of our respondents do not want to add unknown people as friends, about 70% (Figure 8). This could be explained, if they add them as friends, they do not contact with them on Facebook, according to figure 7. Generally speaking, people do not want to express themselves on social network. Conclusion: The result of doing this survey gives us better interpretation of how a social network could affect on people life. Especially BHCC’s students, they adopt and love Facebook’s features, but they could still control their time spending on it. Therefore, most of the students consider Facebook a helpful tool to socialize with others. Even though Facebook is good for students to communicate with other people and make their social life happier, sometimes, Facebook appears to be a distraction to their study and private life. Using Facebook too much can make student exhausted and also affect their health badly. In addition, it is important to realize that Facebook is only an online tool, and it cannot replace human being’s activities. Students should allocate their time spending on studying, socializing, and using Facebook effectively, so that they can balance their real life and their online life to avoid being distracted by any network. Limitation: Even our team has done with the research, but it still has limitations when doing this. Due to the lack of processing time and missing experience in each member of us, we extend more time on choosing questions, or picking for secondary research, and then filtering the result as well. The amount of seven weeks seems not enough for us to accomplish a professional research as others. In addition, funding is also significant too. Because we did have any fund for the research, so we mainly focus on BHCC college’s students and limit on the number of respondents. In our questionnaires, we would want to ask more questions about how distractive in performance of workers and students at Bunker Hill Community College, and we desire to collect more information from school staffs and professors. However, our results from the participants are appropriated because of respondent’s excitements and their honest answers. We are glad that they did cooperate very well with us. Works Cited N.p., n.d. â€Å"Facebook- The Complete Biography† Web. 13 May 2010. . â€Å"Facebook 101: Ten Things You Need to Know About Facebook.† EBSCOhost. Ed. Thomas Krivak. Information Today Inc. 2010. Web. 01 May 2010 .

Andy Goldsworthy

His work is ephemeral- not going to last forever. Because is artwork doesn't last, the videos/ photos become the artwork. Through the making of his artwork, he learns about nature It is always straight to work- no time for research on the area he is in. He has been taking photographs since school- it is the way that he documents his artwork It is his way of reflecting on what he has make He doesn't have a clear picture of what It Is he Is going to make- he goes out and sees what the day is doing, what it will let him make.The land itself entices him and the absence of nature Background, Influences: English- lives In Scotland The nature, area around him Land art/ earth art in the ass's-ass's art movement The term earth or land art is used to describe site-specific artworks made in the environment, using the materials and forms of the environment. Most earth art is known to the public through photographs and written records. Because earth art is part of the environment It is subject to the force of nature that can cause it to change over time, or can even destroy It.The rise of earth art In the 1960 Is sometime associated with an Increasing awareness of environmental Issues. Most artist, however were attracted to earth art as part of a desire to escape the gallery system and the communication of art objects. Interests, Themes, Ideas, Intentions: Responds to what is happening at that moment, In the day with the Items around him Death and decay Growth, change, flow, nature He uses everything from leaves and sticks to sheep wool. Movement, change (in material, season and weather) Light, sunlight, snow reflections, mist The energy and space around a material

Eteocles and Polynices

Eteocles and Polynices Eteocles and Polynices were the sons of the classic Greek tragic hero and Theban king Oedipus, who fought each other for the control of Thebes after their father abdicated. The Oedipus story is part of the Theban cycle and told most famously by the Greek poet Sophocles. After decades of ruling Thebes, Oedipus discovered he had been at the mercy of a prophecy cast before his birth. Fulfilling the curse, Oedipus had unwittingly killed his own father Laius, and married and fathered four children by his mother Jocasta. In rage and horror, Oedipus blinded himself and abandoned his throne. As he left, Oedipus cursed his own two grown sons/brothers, Eteocles and Polynices had been left to rule Thebes, but Oedipus doomed them to kill each other. The 17th-century painting by Giovanni Battista Tiepolo shows the fulfillment of that curse, their deaths at each others hand. Owning the Throne The Greek poet Aeschylus told the Eteocles and Polynices story in his award-winning trilogy on the topic, Seven Against Thebes, In the final play, the brothers fight  each other for possession of the throne of Thebes. At first, they had agreed to rule Thebes jointly by alternating years in power, but after his first year, Eteocles refused to step down. To gain the rule of Thebes, Polynices needed warriors, but Theban men within the city would only fight for his brother. Instead, Polynices gathered a group of men from Argos. There were seven gates to Thebes, and Polynices selected seven captains to lead the charges against each gate. To fight them and protect the gates, Eteocles selected the best-qualified man in Thebes to challenge the specific Argive adversary, so there are seven Theban counterparts to the Argive attackers. The seven pairs are: Tydeus vs. MelanippusCapaneus vs. PolyphontesEteoclus vs. MegareusHippomedon vs. HyperbiusParthenopeus vs.  ActorAmphiaraus vs. LasthenesPolynices vs. Eteocles The battles end when the two brothers kill each other with swords. In the sequel to the battle between Eteocles and Polynices, the successors of the fallen Argives, known as the Epigoni, win control of Thebes. Eteocles was buried honorably, but the traitor Polynices was not, leading to their sister Antigones own tragedy.

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Ultimate Local Scholarships Guide How to Find and Win Them

Ultimate Local Scholarships Guide How to Find and Win Them SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips You may already know a lot about some of the big, popular, national scholarships - programs like the Gates Millennium Scholarship, the Coca-Cola Scholarship, McDonald’s Scholarships, and so on. If you’re interested in applying for scholarship money, it’s definitely easiest to start with awards that you already know about. But if you only focus on these big awards, you could be missing out on a lot of cash. Local scholarship awards may be smaller than the most famous scholarship programs, but there are so many awards out there that it would be silly not to look into local options. Here, I’ll talk a bit about how these local awards differ from the national ones and why it’s important that you consider these smaller scholarships. Then, I’ll talk about how you can find scholarships in your community. I’ll end with tips and strategies for submitting the best possible applications for local scholarship awards. Keep reading if you want to win the most local scholarship money possible! How Are Local Awards Different From National Ones? The scholarships you may already have heard about offer some seriously large monetary awards: The Gates Scholarship covers all unmet need through college; the average annual award through 2014 came to about $12,500. The Coca-Cola Scholars Foundation Scholarship gives winners $20,000. The McDonald’s HACER Scholarship gives $100,000 over four years. With big payouts like these + name-brand recognition, you’re going to come up against a lot of competition for these awards. This doesn’t mean you shouldn’t apply for them - it just means you should also look into local awards. What Makes Local Awards So Great? Local scholarships, by definition, are going to be targeted towards a smaller pool of potential applicants. The award amount may be smaller - they’re probably not funded by international private organizations - but they also will be less competitive.That means you often have a much better chance of receiving an award! There are some other serious advantages that come with focusing on local scholarships: First, it'll probably be easier for you to seek out personalized information and feedback about available scholarships. This is because you have resources available to you in the form of guidance counselors, teachers, or community leaderswho may know about local programs.This means you're more likely to find awards that are a good fit for you. Second, becauselocal scholarshipsare relatively small (on average), you may find that their application processes are less intensive than thoseof the huge, national awards. This means it may be easier for you to apply for the awards you're interested in. Are you convinced yet that you should check out some small, local scholarships? If so, keep reading! How to Find Local Scholarships in Your Community There's no one way to go about looking for local scholarships, but there are a lot of different resources for you to take advantage of. The following tips and strategies will help you find as many appropriate local awards as possible. Talk to Your Guidance or College Counselor Your guidance and college counselors are awesome resources. They tend to be very plugged into info on local awards and scholarship programs, and because they also (presumably) know you, they may be able to point you to awards that arethe best fit for you. You'll make a good impression on your counselor if you’re proactive andspeak to herabout awards.This will help you learn about local awards, of course, but it'll also be helpful when it comes time to find references forcertain scholarship applications. Guidance and college counselors often write great letters of recommendation. Focus on Local Community and Cultural Centers Community and cultural centers are hubs of local activity. If there are any popular local scholarship programs available, these centers may have information on them. They may even offer scholarships themselves! Take Advantage of Online Resources The College Board's scholarship databaseis a great place to start looking, even when it comes to local awards. The databasemay not have info on extremely limitedorvery small scholarships, but it does include state-based awards. Another thing to keep in mind is this resource doesn’t just list scholarships based ongeography - itconsiders allsorts of relevant group affiliations that may affect scholarship eligibility. In addition to looking atthe College Board's website, you'll want to do your own experimenting with looking for scholarships online. Start with some trial and error with Google - for example, search for "scholarship [your town]," "scholarship [your county]," "scholarship [your state]," or "scholarship [group affiliation]." Independent online research is key tofinding local awards. Submitting the Best Applications for Local Awards If you already have some local scholarship programs in mind (or even if you’re still looking), it’s important to submit the best scholarship applications possible to maximize your chances of winning money. Each local program is likely to have its own application, criteria, submission deadline, and administrative protocols. Keeping track of all of this information and actually completing the applications will be a pretty significant commitment on your end. As such, you want to make sure each application is appropriately submitted - you don’t want to put in a ton of work and not have anything pan out because you didn't follow instructions! The following tips will help you optimize your success rate in applying for local awards. Step #1: Make Sure You Meet All Eligibility Criteria This is a big one - small awards are likely to have smaller, more specific target audiences, so you don’t want to waste your time applying for a scholarship that you have no chance of winning. Chances are you'll be automatically disqualified if you don't meet all criteria, regardless of your other accomplishments. If you have any questions about eligibility criteria, or if they’re unclear, contact the scholarship program ASAP so that they can clear things up. Step #2: Ask Yourself If You're a Good Fit This is related to the previous tip - because smaller local awards might be targeting smaller groups of students with specific interests, strengths, or backgrounds, you’ll want to assess whether you’re a good fit for the award before applying. For example, let's say you find an award for scholar-athletes. If you'revery strong academically but the last sport you played was JV lacrosse freshman year (and you sat on the bench for most games), you probably won’t be a competitive applicant. It might be prudent to skip an application like this even if you technically meet all eligibility requirements. Ultimately, you'll want to look for scholarships that fit best with your strengths. You may not be an ideal scholar-athlete, but maybe your time spent volunteering with local nonprofits would make you a competitive applicant for a community service award, for example. Your "fit" for a specific program is perhaps more important than your raw accomplishments. Step #3: Emphasize Your Ties to the Scholarship and the Community Local scholarship programs are typicallycreatedand run by local people who are invested in students in their community. Boost your chances of winning local scholarships by emphasizing your connection to this community. You'll want to start by thinking abouthow you conceptualize this "community." What is the group that the scholarship program is targeting, and how are you a part of it? If you're looking at a state-wide scholarship, it’s likely to be state-funded. You don't necessarily have to get too gung-ho about how much you love your state of residence. If you're looking at a scholarship based on some other geographical area (e.g. your city, town, or county), spend some time brainstorming about what this community means to you, how you’ve participated in it, why you value it, etc. You don’t have to gush about it in your application, but if you have an opportunity to write an essay make sure to emphasize these connections. If you're looking at a scholarship based on a non-geographical community (e.g. a local organization, religious or interest group, etc.), you’d take the same sort of strategy as above. Do your research on the group’s mission and values if applicable. You’ll want your application to be congruent with these values. For example,if you’re applying for a community service award, talk about how the scholarship would help you further serve your community in the future. If you’re applying for a scholarship that’s awarded in memory of another individual, learn about that person! Chances are that family friends of that person are the ones going over applications. Do you sharecommon interests and values? Step #4: Complete All Parts of the Application Before you even start a scholarship application, read through all the paperwork tomake sure you'reable to provide everythingthat's required. For example,if the scholarship is due tomorrow and the app asks for a letter of recommendation, it’s probably not going to happen. Plan on submitting the application exactly as itsrules state,even if the program is old school and asks you to fax the application or something silly like that. Common application componentsinclude: The application itself, including demographic information Application essays Financial information (for need-based scholarships) Academic information, like transcripts and test scores(for merit-based scholarships) Letters of recommendation Other supporting documentation (e.g. records of volunteer hours) Step #5: Make Sure to Meet the Deadline Submitting a scholarship application late doesn’t make a good impression, and it’s likely to disqualify you. Don’t wait until the last minute to submit a scholarship either - you don’t know if you’ll have technical issuesor missing paperwork that might delay the process. Give yourself time to fix your application if you come across any issues. If you have to ask for letters of recommendation, give people 3-4weeks advance notice. You might want to account for even more time if you are asking for recs during the â€Å"busy season† (around late fall). Final Tips for Success Hopefully, you're now all set to start looking for those awesome local scholarships.In order to optimize your chances of success, it's better to start sooner rather than later - a big chunk of awardsare meant for high school seniors, so it's ideal to start your research early on in your junior year. This gives you plenty of time to organize everything you need to submit successful applications. If you're already a senior, don't despair! There still may be scholarships out there for you. Just make sure to be especially mindful of deadlines, as they may come up pretty quickly. Finally, make it your mission to apply to several scholarship programs (and not just local ones, either). Don't put all your proverbial eggs in one basket by just applying for a single award, no matter how great of an applicant you are. Good luck, and go get 'em! What's Next? There are so many different types of scholarship programs out there. If you're just starting your research, it's smart to familiarize yourself with your options before submitting any applications. Start by checking out our guides to the top scholarships for high school juniors and seniors. You'll also want to read our article about the easiest scholarships to apply for - these applications can be completed in no time! Finally - tying into my comment earlier in the article about different kinds of communities - you might also want to look at our guide to the best scholarships for minority students. Want to improve your SAT score by 160 points or your ACT score by 4 points?We've written a guide for each test about the top 5 strategies you must be using to have a shot at improving your score. Download it for free now:

Conclusion of the film Whatever Works Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Conclusion of the film Whatever Works - Essay Example The most important thing in the film is Boris, the leading character of the story, and how his assurance about the truth gets turned upside down. Boris, an expansive atheist with partial disposition to paranoia, seems like a man who is too much skeptic about the world and believes that he knows the way things are. The character of Boris is rather arrogant and extremely negative, although for some reasons he constantly want to fasten his world view to everyone he meets. Thus, thanks to Boris, the main message of the entire movie is quite obvious, because it speaks literally in every movement and dialogue in the film. The nihilistic main character meets a girl who is opposite to him and eventually he expands his world view on her with the difference that he knows the essence of things and she doesn’t realize it. At the very beginning of the story Boris takes the stance that he knows the truth about the word but further circumstances and what they turn into prove to him that thin gs not always work predictably. Notwithstanding that at the end Boris still keeps claiming that he is the only one who sees the entire picture. The interesting thing here is that Boris’ position is rather straight and it is supposed to be changed by all the circumstances and become gentler, still it turns out that he always knew the entire picture, and despite his straight assurance, all the changes actually have fit his world view. Perhaps, the most provocative ting in the movie is the position Boris was trying to prove to everyone. He claims rather nihilistic things about God, he laughs at American values, and hates people (but simultaneously he can’t stand living without them). But with all the new circumstances and changes in Boris’ world, viewers start realizing that the world view is not the most provocative thing in the movie, but life itself is. The movie eventually turns into the art house one,

Thesis(Research) Proposal Research Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Thesis( ) - Research Proposal Example While this is the case, no study has been conducted about the Chinese students’ experience of acculturative stress or culture shock in the Canadian environment. This study seeks to fill this knowledge gap. Hypothesis This study hypothesizes that different environmental factors such as accommodation, place, and college type impact on the way Chinese students in Canada adapt to acculturation stress. Objectives 1. To establish the extent to which Chinese international students in Canada suffer from acculturative stress in their first year study. 2. To establish how Chinese international students in Canada suffer from acculturative stress in their first year study. 3. To establish the different environment changes that Chinese international students in Canada experience that lead them to experience acculturative stress. 4. To come up with recommendations that will help Chinese international students in Canada overcome acculturative stress Research Questions 1. To what extent do Ch inese international students in Canada suffer from acculturative stress in their first year study? 2. How do Chinese international students in Canada suffer from acculturative stress in their first year study? 3. ... Based on these insights, the policy makers can develop effective policies to deal with acculturative challenges. The results of the study may be important to Chinese students seeking to study in foreign countries as it may help them understand what to expect and deal effectively with culture shock. Managers, principals and professors of educational institutions may find the results of the study important as they may get an insight into how to help Chinese students in foreign environments adapt fast to new learning environments and cultures. Literature Review Over the past couple of years, the number of students leaving China to study overseas (mainly the U.S.A., U.K., Australia, and Canada) has been growing at an estimated 20% annually (Gu, 2013). A report by China’s Ministry of Education indicated that about 340,000 students from China sought education overseas in 2011 (Xu, 2012). In 2012 alone, according to the United Nations, one in every international student was Chinese. Going by current trends, it is estimated that there are more than 490,000 Chinese students in various educational institutions abroad in 2013 (Xu, 2012). The general trend toward the preference to study abroad among Chinese students is driven by the belief that education outside the boarders of China is more systematic and comprehensive, and that the experience is better than they otherwise would get in China. Other students are motivated by the fact that they do not have to sit for and pass university entry exams when they opt to pursue education in foreign educational institutions (Anonymous, 2013). Like other immigrants, Chinese students studying in foreign countries normally experience acculturative stress and its effects. Acculturative stress is a

Human sexuality Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Human sexuality - Essay Example enarios and the brain ability to mould it self is similar to plastic’s ability to change shape according to elements and objects that contacts the plastic. According to Doidge, a child’s brain has the ability to change over time with changes in environment (Doidge 98). He further states that when children are experiencing adolescent period, they should not be labeled according to their current sexuality preference as this preference changes over time until finally a sexual orientation becomes permanent. The book further states that there is a direct link between culture and brain and brain experiences alterations due to culture and not due to genes. This means that when the brain comes in contact with certain cultural practices, it adopts it and the individual starts behaving accordingly. The concept that brain is adaptive to environment can help us achieve our aims and objectives and we can alter our brain according to our needs. In relation to human sexuality an indiv idual can control his/her sexuality. If the individual wants to be labeled as straight then he/she should come in contact with their opposite sex and this will adapt the brain towards that sex and sexual

Class Inequalities In Leisure Participation Essay

Class Inequalities In Leisure Participation - Essay Example Relate them with the closest leisure activity involved and explain the concept of gender differences between different classes. Supporting references are Ken Roberts.(2004) Cultural trends. Explain how feminist thoughts are influential over this gender differences. Make gender difference evident and in contrast to the participating activities performed. Explain the changes in relative participation rates, tastes and preferences, priorities in indulgence and the very own thought weather to take part in leisure or not. Explain the importance of leisure to different classes irrespective of status of the classes. Explain the challenges faced by the people from lower class. Explain the opportunities that can be availed by various classes of people. Discussion points: Prove how relaxing and spending time in leisure are useful to all classes irrespective of cast, creed and sex. Explain to what extent are the people from poorer backgrounds are breaking out of the myth that they are bound to work only. Make clear-cut announcements, which get deposited in the minds of the people. How free are people to take part in leisure and this purely depends on the attitudes of the people. Introduction- Describe the structure of essay to make the reader understand. You have to focus on time limitations imposed on leisure.

Ethics Awareness Inventory Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Ethics Awareness Inventory - Essay Example 1987. pp192-193). In the modern context, an individual's decision would be accepted as ethical if the person has taken all impacting factors into account and considered all those people who would be impacted by the decision. Given the modern complexity of organizational & social systems, it is practically impossible to take a decision that doesn't impact anyone negatively. Hence, all such decisions that are taken in the favor of the larger part of the mass are normally treated as ethical. Overall, the Ethical Decision making orientation of an individual can be judged by the Ethics Awareness Inventory Profile that requires answering a series of questions by assigning the "level of agreement" that are useful in identifying the inclination of an individual towards the four measurable parameters of Ethical Decision Making - Character, Obligation, Results and Equity. In this paper, I present a brief on these four parameters, my own Ethics Awareness Inventory and an ethical challenge that I faced in the pa st at my workplace. [The Williams Institute for Ethics and Management - EAI. (2008)] The Ethics Awareness Inventory takes into account the Ethical orientation... ory takes into account the Ethical orientation of an individual towards four measurable parameters - Character, Obligation, Results and Equity (CORE). The measurements are carried out through a questionnaire that asks the individual to vote at a certain level of agreement against the questions asked - ranging between the extremes of strong disagreement to strong agreement. The orientation against the four parameters is defined as below: Ethics Orientation towards Character - An individual who gives high value to excellent moral principles, integrity, honesty and behavior Ethics Orientation towards Obligation - An individual who gives high value to loyalty towards an individual or organization by demonstrating high levels of responsibility Ethics Orientation towards Results - An individual who gives high value to the results of a decision and hence thinks through every aspect of the impact of the decision on everyone involved Ethics Orientation towards Equity - An individual who gives high value to his/her equity in a decision and believe that beliefs of right or wrong should be changed based on circumstances in order to extract the best benefits out of them. [The Williams Institute for Ethics and Management - EAI. (2008)] My Ethics Awareness Inventory: My Ethics Awareness Inventory assessed against the on-line questions at the portal of Williams Institute of Ethics and Management reveals that my Ethics Awareness profile is more aligned towards Character & Obligation and Least aligned towards Results & Equity. When I map the results with my own thought process, I realize that I have been giving highest emphasis to moral excellence and loyalty to my employer against results & equity. I have never bothered about the results of my decision as long as I was convinced

US and Australian Employment Laws Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

US and Australian Employment Laws - Essay Example Today, the employment-at-will doctrine in the US is subject to the following exceptions: the public policy exception; the implied contract exception, and; the covenant-of-good faith exception. Table 1 shows that of the 50 states and the District of Columbia (D.C.), 43 recognise the public policy exception, 38 allow the implied contract exception, but only 11 states honor the covenant-of-good-faith exception. The public policy exception makes the termination of an employee wrongful despite the employment-at-will doctrine if such termination violates an express and well-established public policy. It is commonly held that public policy can be found on a state constitution, statute or administrative rule. In Petermann v International Brotherhood of Teamsters 174 Cal App.2d 184 (1959), an employee was summarily discharged after working for ten years with the Teamsters Union the day after he defied his superior’s order to make false statements in a legislative hearing investigating corruption in his workplace. (Muhl 2001) The Court declared the termination a wrongful discharge because it breached public policy, which covered acts that had a â€Å"tendency to be injurious to the public or against the public good† (Muhl 2001).On the other hand, the implied contract exception is attended by three elements: a promise of employment security by the employer; consideration or acceptance by the employee, and; the employer violated the promise (Peritt 2006).

Ethics Awareness Inventory Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Ethics Awareness Inventory - Essay Example 1987. pp192-193). In the modern context, an individual's decision would be accepted as ethical if the person has taken all impacting factors into account and considered all those people who would be impacted by the decision. Given the modern complexity of organizational & social systems, it is practically impossible to take a decision that doesn't impact anyone negatively. Hence, all such decisions that are taken in the favor of the larger part of the mass are normally treated as ethical. Overall, the Ethical Decision making orientation of an individual can be judged by the Ethics Awareness Inventory Profile that requires answering a series of questions by assigning the "level of agreement" that are useful in identifying the inclination of an individual towards the four measurable parameters of Ethical Decision Making - Character, Obligation, Results and Equity. In this paper, I present a brief on these four parameters, my own Ethics Awareness Inventory and an ethical challenge that I faced in the pa st at my workplace. [The Williams Institute for Ethics and Management - EAI. (2008)] The Ethics Awareness Inventory takes into account the Ethical orientation... ory takes into account the Ethical orientation of an individual towards four measurable parameters - Character, Obligation, Results and Equity (CORE). The measurements are carried out through a questionnaire that asks the individual to vote at a certain level of agreement against the questions asked - ranging between the extremes of strong disagreement to strong agreement. The orientation against the four parameters is defined as below: Ethics Orientation towards Character - An individual who gives high value to excellent moral principles, integrity, honesty and behavior Ethics Orientation towards Obligation - An individual who gives high value to loyalty towards an individual or organization by demonstrating high levels of responsibility Ethics Orientation towards Results - An individual who gives high value to the results of a decision and hence thinks through every aspect of the impact of the decision on everyone involved Ethics Orientation towards Equity - An individual who gives high value to his/her equity in a decision and believe that beliefs of right or wrong should be changed based on circumstances in order to extract the best benefits out of them. [The Williams Institute for Ethics and Management - EAI. (2008)] My Ethics Awareness Inventory: My Ethics Awareness Inventory assessed against the on-line questions at the portal of Williams Institute of Ethics and Management reveals that my Ethics Awareness profile is more aligned towards Character & Obligation and Least aligned towards Results & Equity. When I map the results with my own thought process, I realize that I have been giving highest emphasis to moral excellence and loyalty to my employer against results & equity. I have never bothered about the results of my decision as long as I was convinced

Look at the attachments Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Look at the attachments - Essay Example provement of others’ health from the very beginning of my life, and I used to read various topics which are related to health care, public health issues, and the latest medical developments. Though I was not sure as to which stream in health care I would select, I was convinced that I would be in to health care as I grew. In fact, I can claim that this concern for the health of others runs in my family. To illustrate, my cousin has a B-Pharm and is working at Beximco Pharmaceutical in Bangladesh. When I felt for sure that my future lies in pharmacy, I decided to go and observe myself as to how the pharmacy system works. Thus, I reached Bangladesh and worked under my cousin. Evidently, this period helped me learn a lot about pharmacy. As I sifted through the drugs in the pharmacy and disposed the expired ones, I learned a lot about the importance and nobility of the profession. I think it is necessary to mention yet another incident that further strengthened my desire and conviction. When I reached the age of 18, my grandmother fell sick and it was soon found that she was suffering from cancer. As there was no effective medication at that time, she died of the disease. This incident acted as a wake up call in my life. Seeing her pain and suffering, I understood the need to find a cure for the disease. Again, the solution to the question lies in studying pharmacy. Thus, it becomes evident that pharmacy has been my passion. My immediate goal is to join a medical firm as a clinical pharmacist. From my experience and knowledge, I know very well that a clinical pharmacist has various challenging responsibilities including advising physicians on the effects and side effects of drugs and correct use of drugs. In addition, a clinical pharmacist is responsible to coordinate the pharmacy technicians’ duties like preparing, labeling, and delivering different medications and to ensure that the same is done in accordance with local, state and federal laws. Admittedly, in

Evolution of the Nation Essay Example for Free

Evolution of the Nation Essay Pre-Civil War, the United States was way behind European countries like Great Britain, France, German and Belgium in terms of industrialization (Divine et al, 1991, p. 529). However, postwar, the nation saw its rise as an industrialized power, marked by economic boom, technological and medical advances and a transformed American society. The postwar industrialization was invigorated by the Civil War itself (Tindall and Shi, 1991, p. 889). The war brought on inflation which further â€Å"enhanced the position† of property owners and entrepreneurs (p. 889). Additionally, it was said that Republicans launched a policy built on business enterprise but its precise role in the country’s economic growth was not clearly justified (p. 889). It also helped that the government provided in creating regional and transcontinental railroads which not only paved the way for a revolution in transformation but also encouraged marketing across states (Jordan and Litwack, 1991, p. 533). The effects of this revolution in transportation would be discussed in length later on. Civil War brought the people together, encouraged them to change the landscape of the nation. Several conditions made it easier to embrace this industrial revolution. One iron manufacturer described the country as a bowl brimming with treasures (Divine et al, 1991, p. 529). The country was teeming with natural resources such as coal, iron, timber and iron ore (p. 529). As if these were not encouraging enough, the nation also saw a growth in people as many immigrants reached the country (p. 529). The population increase contributed to an increase in demand for products, which ultimately enabled businessmen and entrepreneurs to invest more, whether in factories or mines. When more Americans were able to provide funds for various ventures, industrialists formed corporations (p. 529). Compared to a single business, investors bought shares to own the company. Based on the corporation’s profit, they received dividend. This share buying enabled industrialists to raise more funds in augmenting the business (p. 530). The US government, local, state and federal, was also a big factor in fueling economic boom. As stated earlier, the government served a pivotal role in railroads consolidation. But that was not all. The government bestowed money and land to jump start industries. Aside from safeguarding private properties, the government pushed for individual industrialism, where people became entrepreneurs, owners of their own enterprises. Entrepreneurs thrived during the Industrial Revolution. Railways were the key to the country’s expanding productivity. It opened up linkages to other states. Railroads were instrumental in allowing transportation of raw materials like iron, steel and lumber to travel to the West, creating a national market in the process (Tindall and Shi, 1991, p. 889). Post-Civil War, the railroad mileage increased from 53,000 to 94,000 (p. 889). In fact, by 1880s, railroad building reached its peak, from 167,000 to 199,000 (p. 890). Railroads brought the nation together, allowing for faster travel, accessibility and comfort as compared to other forms of land transportation (Divine et al, 1991, p. 533). For example, a horseback travel would cover 50 miles in one day but on a train, the travel time would also cost one hour (p. 533). Railroads made it easier for people to socialize to others, especially those living in isolated areas. Not only did it encourage mingling, railroads also fostered trade among states (p. 533). Carrying raw materials, railroads paved the way for mass production and mass consumption, which translated to greater financial wealth for the country (p. 533). The Industrial Revolution also saw the rise of Americans in inventions and manufacturing. Alexander Graham Bell’s invention of the telephone created a centralized way of communication. Machines that were aimed at making work faster cropped out during this time, from the typewriter, cash register, to the electric sewing machine and refrigerator cars (Divine et al, 1991, p. 536). Advertising also saw an increase during this time as businesses tried to convince the public to buy their products or seek their services (p. 539). Newspapers and magazines were instrumental in the growth of advertising. The impact of industrialization saw the rise of Americans workers (Jordan and Litwack, 1991, p. 451). It was the workers themselves who toiled hard for the nation to reach its new industrial age but there was a start contrast between the two. While industry giants like Rockefeller and Carnegie continued to amass wealth and power, workers were left to do the hard work to ensure that giants stayed on top. In the 1900s, wage earners toiled for ten hours a day (Divine et al, 1991, p. 542). Earning $6-12 a week, families had a hard time surviving. Aside from the long hours and low pay, most workers had no job security (p. 542). The introduction of machines also raised the risks for factory workers (Jordan and Litwack 1991, p. 451). Additionally, machines also reduced the task of workers, resulting in lower paychecks (p. 451). It also did not help that the working class was dominated by men. This labor unjust ushered in women and labor unions (p. 458). As with any economic boom, the country also experienced the lows of business cycles, with the panic of 1893 when bank loans grew bigger than deposits made, resulting in the collapse of many firms (Divine et al, 1991, p. 579). For a long time, the government did not stop monopolies. This made the big companies control most of the industries. The concentration of power in the hands of the few was guaranteed to provoke the people to start questioning the system. It led eventually to the creation of the Sherman Act of 1890, which allowed the government to control big businesses (p. 576). The act was instrumental in breaking up one of the largest trust in the country- the Standard Oil (p. 579). The economic growth also made an impact to the government. During this time, the country experienced corruption, reform movements, and political party differences. Factionalism was common. Republican reformers who called themselves Mugwumps sought for civil service reforms (Jordan and Litwack, 1991, p. 471). Under the Republican leadership of Presidents Hayes, Garfield, and Arthur, the issue of monetary policy was at stake (pp. 474-478). Following the depression of 1890, calls for reforms started to surface, leading in an era of progressivism. The progressivism was a movement that sought for â€Å"democracy, social justice, honest government, effective business regulation, and a commitment† to serve the public (Tindall and Shi, 1991, p. 1073). Mainly the idea was to bin the evil wrongdoings while preserving the system. Leaders of the progressive movement believed that doing the aforementioned would ensure the progress of the country. Journalists played a pivotal role in exposing the scandals and corruptions that plagued the country (Divine et al, 1991, p. 612). Journalists who dug the social ills of America were called muckrakers, after President Theodore Roosevelt related them to a character in John Bunyan’s Pilgrim Progress (p. 1074). Democracy was an important element in progressivism, as progressives thought that it would help the government in doing its work (p. 1076). Another major element of progressivism was productivity. Progressives believed that improving productivity would reduce waste. By incorporating Taylor’s theory on scientific management, which focused on dividing the production process into several step, progressives alleged that production would increase and mistakes would be eliminated (p. 1077-1078). Progressives also called for business regulation, bureaucracy eradication, and strengthened social justice (p. 1080). Three presidents served during the Progressive Era- Theodore Roosevelt, Taft and Wilson. Each had their own vision on the spirit of progressivism. References Divine, R. et al. (1991). America the people and the dream Illinois: Scott, Foresman and Company. Jordan, W. and L. Litwack (1991). The United States combined edition. New Jersey: Prentice Hall. Tindall, G. and D. Shi (1991). America A Narrative History 5th Ed. New York: W. W. Norton and Company.

Development of Alcohol Sensor for Pharmaceutical Products

Development of Alcohol Sensor for Pharmaceutical Products 1.0Â  Title Development of alcohol sensor for detection of alcohol content in pharmaceutical products 2.0Â  Introduction Over the years, alcohol is being used widely in various number of industries. Alcohol poisoning and inflammation may happen whenever the alcohol concentration exceeds the toxic level for the living creatures. Nowadays, alcohol abuse is one of the worldwide social problems and has become a public sanitation issue. Hence, the preventative pathways must be taken so that the toxicological and psychological effects can be avoided. It is essential to come with a safer, low cost, fast, sensitive and selective analytical method in order to determine the amount of alcohol content in any samples tested. As pharmaceutical products are the essential part in our daily life nowadays, hence, designing the analytical methods for detection of alcohol content in this products is very important, especially for the prevention of consuming the chemically unsafe products. Various of analytical methods have been used to determine the alcohol concentration during the years. Some techniques may come with their own advantages and even drawbacks. The discovered disadvantages can be overcome by producing a utilization of enzymatic methods. The enzymes will catalyses almost all the transformation of the chemical that exist during the cell metabolism. Moreover, the chemical analysis can be done more efficiently as the nature and specificity of the enzyme catalytic activities. The external addition of the cofactor also helps a lot with the alcohol sensor designed. 3.0Â  Literature Review 3.1Â  Alcohol dehydrogenase Alcohol dehydrogenase is being applied as the bioselective compounds in alcohol biosensors. This enzyme is essential in catalyzing the reversible oxidation process occurred for the primary aliphatic and the aromatic alcohols, but not for methanol. The process that took place is based on the Equation (1). RCH2OH + NAD+ ↔ ADHRCHO + NADH + H+ (1) When compared with the alcohol oxidase-based alcohol biosensor, alcohol dehydrogenase-based are more stable and explicit. However, the exterior addition of the co-enzyme nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) is needed by this type of biosensors. Furthermore, the added cofactor requires to be close to the enzyme and it must not irreversibly combined or entrapped (Azevedo et al., 2005). The combination of electrogenerated chemiluminescence ethanol biosensor and the alcohol oxidase enzymatic reaction is practised for detecting the ethanol in the several subject materials tested (Jia et al., 2009). Hence, it is essential for a biosensor to exhibiting significant reproducibility and stability. It is a requirement for the alcohol biosensor having a great potential for the usage in other biological assays and able to determine variety of substrates. 3.2 Alcohol Oxidase Known as an oligomeric enzyme, alcohol oxidases have eight identical monomers arranged in a quasi-cubic arrangement. Each sub-units of this arrangement are holding a strongly bounded cofactor which is flavin-adenine dinucleotide (FAD) molecule (Vonck van Bruggen, 1990). This enzyme is associated in the methanol oxidation pathway of methylotrophic yeasts. Besides involving in the methanol oxidation, alcohol oxidase also oxidises the short-chain alcohols like ethanol, propanol and butanol (Azevedo et al., 2005). Going through the oxidase-catalysed reaction, the ways to follow the reaction is by measuring the decline in O2 tension or the elevation in H2O2 concentration. Alcohol oxidation catalysed by this enzyme is an irreversible mechanism as O2 has a strong oxidising characteristic. The reaction requires alcohol oxidase and utilizing molecular oxygen (O2) as an electron acceptor, referring to Equation (2) (Azevedo et al., 2005). Alcohol Oxidase RCH2OH + O2 RCHO + H2O2(2) The characteristics of this form alcohol biosensor acts as a finer alternative to other determination methods in detecting the ethanol for various types of sample material tested, such as in pharmaceutical products nowadays (Kuswandi et al., 2014). It will be a great improvement if the enzymatic reaction occurred is able to be monitored optically so that the alcohol presence can be detected by the naked eye. Hence, a better quality of alcohol biosensor can be made. 3.3O2 Detection According to the Equation (1), the consumption of oxygen can be monitored by the alcohol oxidase sensors. The monitoring is done subject to the electrochemical detection principles and by the optical detection (Azevedo et al., 2005). The enzyme-catalysed reaction will be able to generate the optical or visual determination of alcohol based on the oxidation or reduction of H2O2. Hence, the use of optical membrane or a film is required so that it will be more efficient to monitor the reaction. Next, the O2 tension can be detected readily. 3.3.1Electrochemical detection Monitoring of O2 is generally done based on a Clark-type O2 electrode, which consists of a platinum cathode and a reference electrode, sunk in an electrolyte solution and a semi-permeable membrane covering it, so that O2 will be able to diffuse through (Azevedo et al., 2005). Equation (4) shows an example of the reduction process of oxygen while proportionally producing a current. Ag anode, 4Ag + 4Cl → 4AgCl + 4e(3) Pt cathode, O2 + 4H+ + 4e → 2H2O(4) Commonly, oxygen probes-based ethanol sensors have a membrane covering the Clark-type electrode, where alcohol oxidase is immobilised. The difference between the base oxygen level and the level after oxygen concentration decreases due to the enzymatic reaction will be shown as the electrode signal output. It is clearly showed that there will be no electrochemical interference comes from other sample elements. Nevertheless, the accuracy and reproducibility of the sensor may be lessened due to its oxygen dependency basis of the measurement. Hence, a low response is obtained, causes by the high value of the minimum detectable concentration of the oxygen due to the high background signal (Bott, 1998). However, the new alternative can be utilized to overcome the flaws is by using H2O2 detection. 3.3.2Â  Optical detection The developing of alcohol sensors has built up the fluorescence-based sensors. It works based on the enhancement of the fluorescence or other certain compounds quenching, including malachite green, fluorescent dyes and even ligands towards the alcohol disclosure. Besides that, the immobilisation of alcohol oxidase onto the oxygen sensor coated with an oxygen sensitive ruthenium organic complex is done to construct an optical bio-sniffer for ethanol vapours. Moreover, co-immobilisation of alcohol oxidase and oxygen sensitive dyes is designed to assemble the other optical sensors (Azevedo et al., 2005). 3.4Â  Detection of H2O2 3.4.1Â  Electrochemical methods 3.4.1.1Â  Amperometric detection H2O2 which is formed by alcohol oxidase enzymatic reaction can be identified electrochemically with amperometric electrodes. The detection is done either by measuring the anodic or cathodic response, which showing the oxidation and reduction of H2O2 at the working electrode surface correspondingly. As shown by Equation (5), the enzymatic reaction will result the oxidation of H2O2. H2O2 → O2 + 2H+ + 2e(5) Nonetheless, H2O2 is electroactive too at the negative potentials, according to Equation (6). H2O2 + 2e + 2H+ → 2H2O (6) These reactions are not discovered on oxygen probes based on the Clark electrode, due to the electrode surface is covered by an oxygen membrane, which is not permeable to H2O2 and mostly other compounds. Lately, by using other immobilisation procedures, carbon paste electrodes (CPE) and screen-printed electrodes are being developed (Azevedo et al., 2005). The most significant advantage of H2O2 electrode based sensor is easy to construct the sensor in small size besides having a high upper linearity and a wider linear range. In contrast, the presence of reducing compounds in any real sample matrices will be oxidised too, hence will causes the electrochemical interference to occur. Besides that, slower responses are observed too. Finally, the electrode with an electrocatalyst species is needed to be modified for both the reduction and oxidation of H2O2 so that the required applied potential can be decreased. 3.4.1.2Â  Potentiometric detection The potentiometric biosensor is constructed by co-immobilising alcohol oxidase and horseradish peroxidase in the surface of a fluoride-sensitive electrolyte isolator semiconductor capacitor chip. The capacitance will change if there is any presence of ethanol and p-fluoraniline (Menzel et al., 1995). Si/SiO2/Si3N4/LaF3 layers utilized in the fluoride-sensitive biosensor, are able to determine the ethanol concentration in the time of the on-line monitoring of different bioprocesses, according to reactions (7) and (8) (Azevedo et al., 2005). Alcohol Oxidase Ethanol + O2 Acetaldehyde + H2O2 (7) Horseradish Peroxidase H2O2 + p-fluoraniline F + H2O + aniline-derivative polymers(8) 3.4.2Â  Spectroscopic methods To detect the H2O2 production by alcohol oxidase during the ethanol oxidation, few methods can be benefited. Colorimetric methods which are based on the chromogen substrate conversion into a coloured product will absorb in the visible spectral region. Next, fluorescent methods are due to the production of fluorophore product and being stimulated with a shorter wavelength radiation before emitting a visible light. Then, chemiluminescence works by the emission of visible light upon chemical reaction (Azevedo et al., 2005). The methods being chosen must be fast, cheap, sensitive, reliable, stable and undergo continuous analysis methods with a high sample. The numbers of variety types of analytical techniques are flow analysis, segmented flow analysis, flow-injection analysis and liquid chromatographic analysis. 3.5Â  Immobilisation techniques Many ways are being implemented to immobilise enzymes while designing the biosensors. The enzymes are able to be immobilised by physical adsorption or covalently attached to the insoluble matrices, by cross-linking which employing the bifunctional reagent or by entrapment into the membranes or polymeric films. 3.5.1Â  Enzyme modified electrodes There are numbers of approaches in order to implement the physical combination of immobilised enzymes and the electrodes. 3.5.1.1 Membrane electrodes Immobilising the enzymes on a membrane is the most popular techniques being used for the biosensors. This cannot be beaten by other methods since it is easy to construct and its simplicity. Enzyme immobilisation is done by sandwiching the particular enzyme between the electrode and the membrane. The improved procedures used may lead to a higher enzyme activity and a greater stability (Nanjo Guilbault, 1975). As a protective retention layer, a membrane prevents electrochemically interfering compounds from touching the electrode surface. This is due to the presence of the charged groups on the membrane surface and the exclusion of size. Besides that, the covered electrode are protected because the membrane used is impermeable to most substances (Boujtita et al., 2000). Furthermore, covering the enzyme electrode with a membrane has variety of purposes such as producing the diffusion barrier between enzyme and the substrate. This also enables the prevention of a swamping effect whenever the substrate concentration is high. At the same time, a linear response to the concentration is also allowed. 3.5.1.2Â  Carbon paste electrodes By mixing an electrically conducting graphite or carbon powder with a pasting liquid, the carbon paste electrodes is able to be prepared. The examples of pasting liquid being used are mineral oil, silicon oil paraffin oil. Enzymes involved are incorporated within the paste or previously immobilised on the graphite powder by adsorption or covalently bonded. In addition, some additives are added to the paste so that the sensitivity and the storage and operational stability of the sensor can be improved (Azevedo et al., 2005). 3.5.1.3Â  Self-assembled monolayers This form of technique is implemented by sequentially self-depositing the transducing and biocatalytic modules by adsorption through electrostatic interactions. Two different catalytic layers which consist of alcohol oxidase, a modified horseradish peroxidase and electrochemical interface are sequentially and rationally deposited. Next, supramolecular structures are produced and connect catalytic reactions, substrate and product diffusion and heterogeneous electron transfer steps readily (Azevedo et al., 2005). 3.5.1.4Â  Screen-printed electrodes Screen-printed electrodes consist of a polyester substrate and a three electrodes system. The electrodes also containing fabrication of alcohol oxidase immobilized in a poly(carbamoyl)sulfonate hydrogel using poly(ethylene glycol)diglycidyl ether (Patel et al.,2001). This type of electrode system is a low cost screen-printed electrode. 3.5.2Â  Immobilised enzyme reactors The most significant benefit of the usage of enzyme immobilized reactor is producing the great quantity of enzyme that are able to be immobilise and even in micro reactors. This will allow the equilibrium of the reaction that occurred to be attained besides capable of completing the substrate conversion. Moreover, the operational stability of the sensor is enhanced. It is stated that any small alterations in flow rate, temperature, pH, ionic strength and the activators and inhibitors presence will deflate the effect on final signal (Gorton et al., 1991). Bioreactors that are used with immobilised alcohol oxidase exist in different types, generally packed bed, rotating bioreactor and open-tube reactors. Usually the packed bed reactor is implemented with immobilised alcohol oxidase. This form of bioreactor integrates a flow analysis system with electrochemical or spectrometric detection (KÃ ¼nnecke Schmid, 1990). Commonly, rotating bioreactor also used immobilised alcohol oxidase with the electrochemical detection of H2O2. The rotation will enable the presence of circumvent diffusional constrains in the low-dimensional spaces like around the active sites of the enzymes (Matsumoto Waki, 1999). For covalently immobilised enzyme, controlled pore glass is usually utilized for solid support purpose. It is a macro-porous high-silica glass acquired from the alkali-borosilicate glass. Alkali-borosilicate glass is came with the fine mechanical properties and is able to designed with broader porosities and pore size range. Furthermore, it can be adjusted with several reagents so that other functionalities can be proposed (Azevedo et al., 2005). Currently, the optimisation of enzyme immobilisation is done to produce better stability to the controlled pore glass preparations of alcohol oxidase. 4.0Â  Problem Statements The purpose of this study is to determine the right method for detection of alcohol concentration in the pharmaceutical product samples. Alcohol is the substance that present in more than 500 medication products and is found in concentrations up to 68 percent. This may causes negative effects towards the patients that are consuming the products, such as for the patient under treatment with central nervous system depressants or other substances that interact with alcohol. Drug addictionand habituationmay happen and it is formerly known that all drugs haveside effects. It is an essential step to developing a right and efficient method in determining the alcohol content in these pharmaceutical products before approving the production of them into the industry range. 5.0Â  Objectives These are few objectives that have been identified in order to deal up with the problem statement and carried out the research on alcohol content detection content in the pharmaceutical products. Study of methods in determining the alcohol concentration in the samples tested. Study of enzymatic reactions involve during the alcohol detection analysis. Study of advantages and disadvantages for different techniques in the alcohol content determination.

Integration between the Christian Creation Story and the Scientific Big

Integration between the Christian Creation Story and the Scientific Big Bang Theory In our modern age of scientific revolution there seems to be a growing tension between the scientific and religious understanding of this world. This tension is not surprising as the two worldviews exist on different realms in many ways. The Christian faith, grounded in the revelation of God through Christ for humanity’s salvation, clashes with science on many levels especially concerning human nature, as well Divine authority, as compared to the scientific rational and mechanistic understanding of matter. However in this age of scientific revolution there has been a more concerted effort to develop ways to integrate the scientific and Christian worldviews. This is necessitated by the fact that a wholesome picture is generated by an integration of the meaning and purpose given by Christianity and the scientific mechanistic description of processes. The Christian Creation story and the scientific Big Bang theory are two key spheres of integration due to their centrality to an u nderstanding of something as fundamental as existence of all things. The Christian story is primarily concerned about the purpose of existence as science deals with the mechanisms leading to existence. The Christian faith is built on belief in an omnipresent, omniscient, omnipotent and benevolent God, embodied in the Trinity of Father, Son and Holy Spirit. Christianity stands out from a lot of other religions due to God’s personal nature to humanity through the incarnation of Christ. Faith in Christ’s redemptive death and resurrection offers salvation to the faithful. The Bible is very central to Christian faith as it is viewed to be God’s word and revelation to mankin... ...inue since both provide very plausible views of this world that do not necessarily have to contradict each other. Concerning the Big Bang and Creation, the purpose of the two stories should shed more light in providing a better effort of integration. The Big Bang theory primarily provides a description of the mechanism employed in creation whilst the Creation story gives meaning and purpose by attributing God as the cause behind all creative acts. A holistic picture is created by a worldview that gives precedence to both the actual processes, to the cause and to the meaning behind it all. Bibliography: 1) Barbour, Ian; Religion and Science; Harper Collins Publishers; San Francisco; 1997. 2) Sidney Liebes, Elisabet Sahtouris, Brian Swimme; A Walk Through Time; John Wiley & Sons Inc; Toronto; 1998. 3) Armstrong, Karen; A History of God; Ballantine Books; 1993.

Analysis of stopping by woods on a snowy evening by robert frost Essay

The poem, â€Å"Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening† by Robert Frost is one that appears rather simple. The speaker is walking through the woods that have been freshly laden in snow. He is admiring the scenery laid before him. Even though he wants to stay and take in more of what he is seeing, he keeps his other duties in mind and how much distance there is left for him to fulfill them and mentions there is a choice he has to make which is considered most suitable. The poem begins with the speaker entering into these woods. He claims to know the owner of the woods but he states that he (the owner) lives in the village and he or anyone else can see him trespassing. The speakers’ horse shows some form of dismay and acts as if he is protesting against his owner when he stops to observe his surroundings, since there is no other form of visible life around. At the very start of the poem it gives a hint that the speaker likes the feeling of being isolated from civilization since the woods have no other houses or people nearby. Since there are no other people around, he seems to be at ease with himself. It’s as though he is taking a break from his hectic lifestyle in these woods. He is momentarily away from all his work, his social life, his regular daily stresses or anything else that might make him unbalanced. He decides to use this opportunity to bond with nature, this shows that the speaker is indeed a nature lover and he cannot help himself but to admire what is seeing. He observes the way the snow is falling and making the trees, land and the lake white and cold. He gets this sense of serenity and simplicity as he gapes on at the act nature makes. The speaker appears to be very kind and caring because he tries to understand what his horse is trying to tell him. It shows that he cares about his horse dearly and he loves it, the same as with nature. There is also the feeling of depression as he is partly drawn back to his reality when the horse alerts him. He thinks about the duties left to be fulfilled and is taken aback. One of the main influential literary techniques Frost uses in this poem is imagery. This poem continually shows that even though he is enjoying his sights, he is always pulled back to his reality. The horse represents his constant reminder of where he is in life and â€Å"the promises he has to keep.† The fact that the horse even questions if it is really necessary for him to stop, â€Å"to ask if there is some mistake,† it shows that the horse is telling him he has places to be. The imagery also shows that the man is questioning whether he should continue his journey or not since he is wary and wants to retire from his life. He is observing his scenery as if he his noting where he is going to die, â€Å"the darkest evening of the year† and â€Å"miles to go before I sleep.† The lines â€Å"†¦lovely, dark and deep† gives the impression that he thinks death is more calming and soothing to his needs and once he dies he will truly be at peace and the woods are drawing him in closer and closer. This form of imagery also gives the woods this mystical nature. However in the end of the poem he chooses to continue on his journey and fulfil his promises and he ignores the temptations of death. In the poem the lines â€Å"†¦frozen lake,† and â€Å"darkest evening of the year,† symbolizes that all is not well in the speakers life. It indicates how dark and cold his life is at the moment. The woods take the role as the symbol of death, especially in the lines â€Å"the woods are lovely, dark and deep.† It is as though the woods have this magnetic force persuading the man to surrender his life. Traces of personification can be noted in this poem where the horse is concerned. In the lines â€Å"my little horse must think it queer,† and â€Å"to ask if there is some mistake,† the horse has been given the human abilities to ask and think about what the man is doing. In the first and third stanzas there are adequate amounts of alliterations that can be observed. For example the constant use of the â€Å"th† in â€Å"Whose woods these are I think I know†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.in the village though† and the â€Å"w† in â€Å"Whose woods†¦.he will not †¦..to watch his woods,† in the first stanza create these alliterations. In the first and third stanza the alliteration is created when the excessive use of the â€Å"h† in â€Å"his house†¦.he will not†¦to watch his woods,† and â€Å"he gives his harness bells a shake.† In the end of the poem there is a main metaphor, â€Å"and miles to go before I sleep,† this metaphor means that the speaker is trying to complete his tasks before he dies. Sleep often represents death and the miles would represent his journey until he reaches his final destination in this life. The style of â€Å"Stopping by the Woods on a Snowy Evening† makes it easy to read the poem; it gives it a natural flow. Frost writes the poem in the iambic tetrameter (four feet). For example, Whose woods these are I think I know. His house is in the village though; He will not see me stopping here To watch his woods fill up with snow. The rhyme scheme of each stanza is continuous and flows in the order of A, A, B, A. it introduces a new rhyme on the third line of each stanza. Even though this poem appears to be simple it contains a few surprises for its readers. It exposes how desperate a person can be in order to seek some form of pleasure in their life. It shows how many people take the beauty of nature for granted, it helps to demonstrate how big of an effect harmonizing with nature can have on us. The illusions of life can be clear to the mind once given the opportunity. While the speaker was observing the woods he felt relief and a form of unknown happiness which he clearly longs for. It shows that if he does nothing to help himself in this life he will not know true happiness anytime soon unless he gets out and fulfills it. This theme of choices in life is common to the usual work of Robert Frost. Many of his poems are affiliated with the life and landscape of New England and this one is no different. Frost, an American poet who wrote in the late eighteenth to early nineteenth centuries, he usually uses nature and vivid imagery to bring across his points and the messages in his poems. His work encourages us not to give up when we think life has no real meaning or purpose anymore, but that we do in fact have plenty to live for even though we may get wary. It is always better to experience your own happiness rather than to observe someone else’s at a distance. Works Cited Shmoop Editorial Team. â€Å"Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening Rhyme, Form & Meter† Shmoop.com. Shmoop University, Inc., 11 Nov. 2008. Web. 7 Oct. 2013. http://www.shmoop.com/stopping-by-woods-on-a-snowy-evening/rhyme-form-meter.html John Hollander. â€Å"A Close Look at Robert Frost†, Copyright 1998 The Academy of American Poets. Web. 7 Oct. 2013. http://www.poets.org/viewmedia.php/prmMID/15894