Gun Control Essay -- Second Amendment The Right To Bear Arms

A well-regulated militia, being necessary to the security of a free state, the right of the people to keep and bear arms, shall not be infringed. Does our second amendment really give rights to civilians to carry guns, which are a mechanical device that expels a bullet which can accurately travel great distances? As the U.S. sees it today, guns are legal to anyone who fits their criteria. Guns have been used for hundreds of years in the history of our world and nation. However, gun condition has been a major debating issue during the previous(prenominal) few decades. On one side, there are those who completely agree with the control laws and on the other there are those who oppose gun control laws all together. Gun control opponents provide many justifications for carrying a gun, such as the second amendment, self-defense, hunting, or target practice.Guns are not for everyone. Certain individuals cannot allot a firearm safely, and most individuals choose to use firearms unsuitab ly. Our society has passed laws regulating the possession and use of firearms, and more legislation is being considered. Most of this legislation restricts, to some degree, the rights of individuals to possess or use firearms. Some limitations may be necessary, but some modern legislation has gone too far. Society benefits from firearms in the custody of conscientious citizens. Attempts to keep firearms away from these citizens do more harm than good. (stated by the NRA)...

Understanding Eskimo Science :: essays research papers

In Richard Nelsons Understanding Eskimo Science a man, Nelson, traveled below the Arctic Circle in the boreal forest of internal Alaska were he lived, studied and interacted with a few native Eskimos groups during the mid-1960s. Through bulge the oblige Nelson provides an abundance of interesting and relevant information astir(predicate) Eskimo survival coming about through the understanding of ones environment. Nelsons best argument is the simple fact that these people have managed to survive in one the, if non the, harshest environment on the planet. There knowledge is useful, tested and true to the groups as this truly unique understanding of there world has permitted them to thrive well in these parts. Although the vegetation is rather scarce the Eskimos made due with a diet based mostly on hunting. But as we find out in the article Nelson describes how these people are well adapted to the art of hunting. The relationship betwixt man and animal is described to be one of en tangled understanding and respect Koyukon hunters know that an animals life ebbs slowly, that it remains aware and sensitive to how people treat itsbody. The Eskimo people have stash away a massive memory based archive of scientifically valid knowledge concerning the diverse workings of the landscape of Alaska. Unfortunately Nelson makes it all too form that this knowledge is disappearing and he fears that once gone there will never again be such a deep link between man and land. On a side note, this arcticle also makes it clear that the Eskimos respect there elders and place them at the head of all that is important as there knowledge and experience is treasured. They are the teachers of there people and the identity of the Eskimo is reflected in stores of experience in the minds of elders like Igruk. Nelson is most obviously a shrewd man saying rational things, but as is often the case with topics concerning native people, this knowledge will probably be lost in time. This arti cle makes one think about man as a hole. Are we truly happy in our jungles of steel? Have we not lost something of spectacular importance, something the Eskimo people have managed to conserve through all these millennia. We have lost contact with the spirit of nature. We have lost it to a point where our scientist do not consider Eskimo science (general knowledge) as a valid enough foundation for

The Morally Good and Bad in Othello Essays -- Othello essays

The Morally Good and Bad in Othello William Shakespeares maneuver Othello is one concentrated contest between the forces of the morally good and the morally bad. Let us analyze this contest in detail in this essay. standing(a) out like a dark silhouette on a white background is the sinister character and master of deception in the maneuver the generals ancient. Morton W. Bloomfield and Robert C. Elliott in Great Plays Sophocles to Brecht highlight the dominant evil force in the play, Iago For critics, the chief problem in the play is the character of Iago. The palisade usually centers around whether he had sufficient motives for his cruel actions or whether, on the other hand, he is an example of motiveless malignity. The question cannot be resolved here, nor is it necessary to try to resolve it. Iago, whether because of his disappointment at not having been given Cassios position, or because of his belief that Othello had cuckolded him, or because of his love of evil for i ts own sake, is nevertheless a man who has rejected all ties of morality and idealism. (39) Totaling the lies which the ancient tells to everyone about him would require considerable effort and time. In Shakespeares Four Giants Blanche Coles comments on the lack of frankness in Iagos speech The story that Iago tells Roderigo about the promotion of Cassio over him is not true, although it has been accepted by many discriminating scholars. Careless reading all can account for this misapprehension, careless reading which for the moment dulls their alertness to one of the most essential requirements of Shakespearean character analysis. That requirement is that the reader must never accept, or must always be re... ...is final passion. From the stern general who had, as his first define, the cold Tis better as it is (1.2.6), he has traversed a excursion of known and feeling sorrow. And, it must be repeated, it will depend upon the beholder whether one judges or rejoices in the tran sfiguration of loving not wisely but too well. (66) WORKS CITED Bloomfield, Morton W. and Robert C. Elliott, ed. Great Plays Sophocles to Brecht. New York Holt, Rinehart and Winston, Inc., 1965. Coles, Blanche. Shakespeares Four Giants. Rindge, New Hampshire Richard Smith Publisher, 1957. Jorgensen, Paul A. William Shakespeare The Tragedies. Boston Twayne Publishers, 1985. Shakespeare, William. Othello. In The Electric Shakespeare. Princeton University. 1996. http//www.eiu.edu/multilit/studyabroad/othello/othello_all.html No line nos.

William Faulkners A Rose for Emily is a Gothic Horror Tale :: A Rose For Emily, William Faulkner

William Faulkner is widely considered to be one of the great American authors of the ordinal century. Although his greatest works atomic number 18 identified with a particular region and time (Mississippi in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries), the themes he explores are universal. He was also an extremely accomplished writer in a technical sense. Novels such as The Sound and the Fury and Absalom, Absalom feature bold experimentation with shifts in time and narrative. Several of his short stories are favorites of anthologists, including A Rose for Emily. This strange figment of love, obsession, and death is a favorite among both readers and critics. The narrator, speaking for the townspeople of Jefferson in Faulkners fictional Yoknapatawpha County, Mississippi, tells a series of stories about the towns reclusive spinster, Miss Emily Grierson. The stories build up to a gruesome revelation after Miss Emilys funeral. She on the face of it poisoned her lover, Homer Ba rron, and kept his corpse in an attic bedroom for over forty years. It is a common critical cliche to say that a story exists on many levels. In the case of A Rose for Emily, this is the truth. Critic Frank A. Littler, in an essay published in Notes on Mississippi Writers regarding the chronology of the story, writes that A Rose for Emily has been read variously as . . .a Gothic horror tale, a study in abnormal psychology, an allegory of the relations between North and South, a meditation on the nature of time, and a tragedy with Emily as a sort of tragic heroine. These various interpretations serve as a good startle point for discussion of the story. The Gothic horror tale is a literary form dating back to 1764 with the first novel identified with the genre, Horace Walpoles The Castle of Ontralto. Gothicism features an air travel of terror and dread gloomy castles or mansions, sinister characters, and unexplained phenomena. Gothic novels and stories also often include unnatural c ombinations of sex and death. In a manner of speaking to students documented by Frederick L. Gwynn and Joseph L. Blotner in Faulkner in the University Class Conferences at the University of Virginia 1957-1958, Faulkner himself claimed that A Rose for Emily is a ghost story. In fact, Faulkner is considered by many to be the primogenitor of a sub-genre, the Southern gothic. The Southern gothic style combines the elements of classic Gothicism with particular Southern archetypes (the reclusive spinster, for example) and puts them in a Southern milieu.

Essay --

IntroductionA marketing plan is a document which comprises of analysis of the current marketing situation, threats and opportunities of the firm, marketing objectives and system specified that has the 4 Ps, program of actions, and projected budget and income and other financial statements (Drummond, Ensor, & Ashford, 2008).The marketing plan consist of 3 main steps1)Planning strain2)Implementation Phase3)Control Phase Figure 3 Phases of Marketing Plan ( blood (Drummond, Ensor, & Ashford, 2008) )A documented market plan helps in tracking the climb on of the company or activity by providing a point of reference.While creating a new market plan around three end goals should be kept in mind. Having end goal in mind will help in efficient formulation of marketing Plan. Placing more goals will assume to dilution of efforts and shortage of resources for the company (Luke, 2013).AimThe report is creating a marketing plan for Tata global beverages limited to launch into Australian market with their new Green tea leaf production.HistoryTata global beverage was set up as a joint venture between Tata Sons and the UK-based tea plantation company, James Finlay and Company in 1962. Tata Tea was born in 1983 after James Finlay sold his shareholding to Tata. The company set out on a path with global ambitions, evidenced by the acquisition of Tetley in 2000. This was followed by a string of strategic acquisitions including Good Earth, Jemca, Vitax, Eight O Clock Coffee and Himalayan Water (Tata Global Beverages, 2014). Source (Tata Global Beverages, 2014).Following are different brands that come under Tata beverages Source (Tata Beverages, 2014)Tata Beverages has a wide variety of portfolio of products which ranges from dis... ...ers never asked for or thought were possible manakin Walkmans.Companies are trying to become more market driven and their major efforts go in retaining customers. Customer retention has become much more central than customer attraction because attracting new customer costs five times more than pleasing an existing one. (Kotler, Marketing Management Millenium Edition, 2002).Target MarketThe product will be targeting the following segment of population1)People from the age range of 15 to 35 both male and females.2)Health conscious mass preferably involved in regular work out.3)People who are trying to switch to a healthier lifestyle and want to give up soft drinks.Competitor AnalysisCompetition is the most critical factor in marketing management and includes all of the actual and potential rival offerings and substitutes that a buyer might consider.

Essay --

IntroductionA merchandise designing is a document which comprises of analysis of the veritable commercializeing situation, threats and opportunities of the firm, marketing objectives and strategy specified that has the 4 Ps, program of actions, and projected budget and income and other financial statements (Drummond, Ensor, & Ashford, 2008).The marketing plan consist of 3 principal(prenominal) steps1)Planning Phase2)Implementation Phase3)Control Phase Figure 3 Phases of Marketing Plan (Source (Drummond, Ensor, & Ashford, 2008) )A documented market plan helps in tracking the progress of the company or activity by providing a point of reference.While creating a new market plan virtually three end goals should be kept in mind. Having end goal in mind will help in efficient formulation of marketing Plan. Placing more goals will lead to dilution of efforts and shortage of resources for the company (Luke, 2013).AimThe report is creating a marketing plan for Tata global beverages lim ited to launch into Australian market with their new Green tea product.HistoryTata global beverage was set up as a joint venture between Tata Sons and the UK-based tea woodlet company, James Finlay and Company in 1962. Tata Tea was born in 1983 after James Finlay sold his shareholding to Tata. The company set out on a class with global ambitions, evidenced by the acquisition of Tetley in 2000. This was followed by a string of strategic acquisitions including Good Earth, Jemca, Vitax, Eight O Clock Coffee and Himalayan Water (Tata Global Beverages, 2014). Source (Tata Global Beverages, 2014).Following are different brands that come under Tata beverages Source (Tata Beverages, 2014)Tata Beverages has a wide variety of portfolio of products which ranges from dis... ...ers never asked for or thought were possible example Walkmans.Companies are trying to stimulate more market driven and their major efforts go in retaining customers. Customer retention has become much more important th an customer attraction because attracting new customer costs five times more than pleasing an existing one. (Kotler, Marketing precaution Millenium Edition, 2002).Target MarketThe product will be targeting the following segment of population1)People from the age range of 15 to 35 both young-begetting(prenominal) and females.2)Health conscious people preferably involved in regular work out.3)People who are trying to switch to a healthier life-style and want to give up soft drinks.Competitor AnalysisCompetition is the most critical factor in marketing management and includes all of the unquestionable and potential rival offerings and substitutes that a buyer might consider.

Cat In The Rain Essay

From the literary analysis I wrote, I want my readers to be able to read and understand the special relationship of the husband and wife in Ernest Hemmingways Cat in the Rain. Some critics believed that the cat representing the American wifes desire for a child. From the first time we read Hemingways inadequate baloney, I immediately jumped to conclusions such as the couple did not really like each other or maybe they just had a obstruction in the relationship. I discovered from other critics online and through other members of the class, that I was not the only one who thought so. It was not very ticklish to spell out the second paragraph of this paper. Many parts of the story and pieces from the articles had lots to say about the American wife and her barrier from her husband. The paragraph about George was more difficult for me because for most of the story, he remained in the room reading throughout the story. By writing an annotation and a literary analysis over the same He mingway story helped me to see the differences between them and how to critically analyze literature. I did struggle with quoting and referencing the articles that I drew information from, but I felt like I did my better on the writing portion of the paper. I didnt learn much quite as much in my Comp 1 class, but I stir been able to take and learn a lot from this class. Literature and writing essays has never been my strong area, but I have been able to appreciate scholarship what we have so far

Traffic Congestion Alert System Using Gsm

Lens Antenna an transmitting aerial whose directivity pattern is a result of the difference amid the phase velocity of extension phone of an electromagnetic wave in mien and that in the electron electron lens of the eye material. Lens antennas are used in radar and metering equipment that operates in the centimeter wavelength range. A lens antenna consists of a lens proper and of a feed. The square up of the lens depends on the refractive magnate n (the balance of the phase velocity of elongation of a radio wave in a vacuum to that in the lens). A decelerating lens antenna, as in optics, is iodin for which n 1.An accelerating lens antenna (without an optical analogy) is one for which n 1. The feed is usually a horn antenna that generates a spherical wave campaign or an antenna set forth that produces a cylindrical wave front. Decelerating lens antennas are made of high-quality low-loss homogeneous dielectrics (polystyrene, fluoroplastics) or synthetic dielectrics (sys tems of variously shaped bimetal particles suspended in air or in a homogeneous dielectric with a relative dielectric constant approaching unity).The refractive index can change at heart wide limits with extremely low losses. Accelerating lens antennas are made of shaped metal sheets. There is no analogy in optics. The principle of operation derives from the particular that the phase velocity of an electromagnetic wave propagating between parallel metal sheets depends on the distance between them if the electric survey vector is parallel to the sheets. In such a case the phase velocity is greater than the speed of light, and the refractive index is less than unity.Zoning the surfaces of a lens antenna reduces its weight and dimensions. The shape and height in profile of the individual zones are chosen such that the electromagnetic waves refracted by adjacent zones leave the lens with a phase slip-up of 360. The field at the aperture remains cophasal. With aplanatic and Luneberg lens antennas it is possible to control the directivity pattern virtually without distortion.Traffic over-crowding Alert System Using GsmLens Antenna an antenna whose directivity pattern is a result of the difference between the phase velocity of propagation of an electromagnetic wave in air and that in the lens material. Lens antennas are used in radar and metering equipment that operates in the centimeter wavelength range. A lens antenna consists of a lens proper and of a feed. The shape of the lens depends on the refractive index n (the ratio of the phase velocity of propagation of a radio wave in a vacuum to that in the lens). A decelerating lens antenna, as in optics, is one for which n 1.An accelerating lens antenna (without an optical analogy) is one for which n 1. The feed is usually a horn antenna that generates a spherical wave front or an antenna array that produces a cylindrical wave front. Decelerating lens antennas are made of high-quality low-loss homogeneous diele ctrics (polystyrene, fluoroplastics) or synthetic dielectrics (systems of variously shaped metallic particles suspended in air or in a homogeneous dielectric with a relative dielectric constant approaching unity).The refractive index can change within wide limits with extremely low losses. Accelerating lens antennas are made of shaped metal sheets. There is no analogy in optics. The principle of operation derives from the fact that the phase velocity of an electromagnetic wave propagating between parallel metal sheets depends on the distance between them if the electric field vector is parallel to the sheets. In such a case the phase velocity is greater than the speed of light, and the refractive index is less than unity.Zoning the surfaces of a lens antenna reduces its weight and dimensions. The shape and height in profile of the individual zones are chosen such that the electromagnetic waves refracted by adjacent zones leave the lens with a phase shift of 360. The field at the ape rture remains cophasal. With aplanatic and Luneberg lens antennas it is possible to control the directivity pattern virtually without distortion.

Legal Environment of Business DB

Jurisdiction is defined as the inherent authority of a tourist court to hear and declare a impression (Wests cyclopaedia of American Law, 1998). An aggrieved party must first determine where to file his case or complaint. In the determination on that pointof, he must ascertain which court has jurisdiction to take cognizance of his case. An erroneous determination can result in an opportunity for the defendant to challenge this and have the complaint dismissed (Wests Encyclopedia of American Law, 1998).There are different kinds and classifications of jurisdiction. For purposes of this discussion, the pertinent jurisdiction that will be discussed shall be personal jurisdiction. Personal jurisdiction is the authority of the court over the person of the defendant (in personam) or in the property (in rem) subject of litigation (Wests Encyclopedia of American Law, 1998). Traditionally, personal jurisdiction is limited to the geographical or territorial reserve sphere of influence wh ere the defendant or the person sued is present. Through the years, territoriality of personal jurisdiction has magnified and expanded (Wests Encyclopedia of American Law, 1998).Limiting personal jurisdiction barely on the basis of territory resulted in problems more pronounced in line of credit transactions and dealings across territories. Judicial interpretation and legislative enactments enlarged personal jurisdiction through long- ramification statutes which most states have (Wests Encyclopedia of American Law, 1998). These statutes allowed a state court to acquire jurisdiction over a defendant even if he is in another state in certain cases such as when the phone number involves business transactions when it involves tort or when issue involves real property located within such state (Wests Encyclopedia of American Law, 1998).With the development of earnings, it has slowly become an interstate and international medium for business transactions without being physically pres ent in other states. This discussion will seek to illustrate internet jurisdiction.I have chosen the tissue station florid Envelope (Red Envelope web site, n.d.). Using the interactive use test for jurisdiction, the web site creator of Red Envelope whitethorn be held subject to the jurisdiction of any state that engages in business with the web site. Clearly, an analysis of the content specified in the pertinent web site reveals that there is a two-way online communication between the customers and the company, Red Envelope. A customer can easily hostel an item as specified in the web site for an amount stated therein and subject to other terms such as the terms of shipment. Clearly the information and description therein is for the purpose of soliciting business (Wolf, 1999).Personal jurisdiction is an issue for those who post web sites because it determines which state courts shall have authority over the issue of a case and the internet actor without infringing the due proce ss clause of the U.S. Constitution. The courts, in the exercise of judicial power can deprive a person of liberty through duress or of property by imposition of pecuniary liability in favor of a party who seeks relief. Thus, it is crucial for a web site possessor to know if the court of a specific state or country can have such authority to hear and decide the claim that may arise from the use of the web site.Ordinarily, courts acquire personal jurisdiction over the defendant if he is present within the geographical or territorial area where the court sits. An exception to this rule is in the case of long arm statutes where the court may apply its provisions under the instances discussed above. Invoking the application of the long arm statute to a particular case is tantamount to having the court possess such authority over the defendant to render a binding decision notwithstanding the fact that the defendant may not be present with in the territory where the court sits. Clearly , creators of web site who may not be present in a territory where the court sits may be held liable and accountable in a binding decision.Based on an member of Christopher Wolf, there exists an interactive-passive test of jurisdiction. The distinction lies in that, interactive test connotes that interactive uses have taken place within a state (Wolf, 1999). This means that there is more than a two-way line of internet communication to attract customers into engaging business with them as against mere information offered regarding matters (Wolf, 1999). Moreover, it signifies a high direct of activity of business transactions.For instance, in the case of Red Envelope, terms and conditions for the sale of described items are clearly specified such that customers need only to order and enter their credit card numbers for payment of the item ordered. On the other hand, a passive test connotes mere information posted in the web site for the viewers information and satisfaction of inter est in so far as the specifics of certain item or items. Finally, advertisement alone does not vest a court personal jurisdiction. It takes a higher degree of activity or sales made and contacts to forum residents (Wolf, 1999).ReferencesRed Envelope web site. Retrieved on February 18, 2008, from http//www.personalcreations.com/?nc=38622&refPg=%2fhome.jsp&hp=-9782&nc2=1.Wests Encyclopedia of American Law. The Gale Group, Inc. 1998.Wolf, C. Standards for internet jurisdiction. 1999. Retrieved on February 18, 2008, fromhttp//library.findlaw.com/1999/Jan/1/241482.html

International Product Life Cycle Essay

The international product life cycle (IPLC) theory, developed and verified by economists to relieve trade in a context of comparative advantage, describes the diffusion process of an innovation across national boundaries. The life cycle begins when a developed unpolished, having a new product to satisfy consumer needs, wants to exploit its technological break by by selling abroad.Other advanced nations soon start up their own toil facilities, and before long LDCs do the same Efficiency/comparative advantage shifts from developed countries to developing nations. Finally, advanced nations, no longer cost-effective, import products from their former customers. The virtuous of this process could be that an advanced nation becomes a victim of its own creation. IPLC theory has the potential to be a valuable framework for marketing intend on a multinational basis.In this section the IPLC is examined from the marketing perspective, and marketing implications for both innovators and init iators are discussed below. Stages and Characteristics There are five distinct stages (Stage 0 through Stage 4) in the IPLC. Table below shows the major characteristics of the IPLC stages, with the United States as the developer of the innovation in question. Exhibit shows three life-cycle curves for the same innovation one for the initiating country (i. . , the United States in this instance), one for other advanced nations, and one for LDCs. For each curve, net export results when the curve is above the naiant line if under the horizontal line, net import results for that particular country. As the innovation moves through time, directions of all three curves change. Time is relative, because the time needed for a cycle to be unblemished varies from one kind of product to another.

Computron Inc. Case

Q1 How far does Zimmermann countenance to cut the footing to keep a chance? The be of a 1000X figurer for the European securities industry usu each(prenominal)y consists of the monetary value to manu featureure ($768000), the overheads, a markup of 33 1/3% ($256000) that includes the gain ground, research and development and selling expenses in addition to these components, there are transportation and inst each(prenominal)ation costs ($67200) and finally the import duty ($153600).Computron Inc. has previously assembled and manufactured its products in the US and shipped set up goods to Europe, therefrom having to raise the original US footing in line of battle to cover the expenses of the last component of the expenditure, the import duty.Given that the attach to has made a strategic decision to build a federal agenty in capital of Kentucky that would cover the assembling and manufacturing services for the European commercialize, that consists of 15 countries, and give n that the opening of this impudently constructed mental quickness is the 15th of September 2006 it is valid to assume that the manufacturing and assembly of the 1000X computer for Koning & Cie, AG, if the order is made, would take place at the local facility in Germany, sooner than in the US. This factor eliminates the expenses related to import duty ($ 153600) as well as significantly reduces the transportation costs.Moreover, k outrighting that the companys policy has neer permitted reducing the markup percentage in the European market and that Konings vice president in charge of acquire is not in favor of purchasing any equipment that has a price of more than 20% higher than the lowest bid subtracting the import duty from the original price of ($1244800) would b the original step in reducing the initial price to $1091200. The value is 4. 1% higher and then $1046400, what would be the exact maximum price mentioned by Konings official.If we do not take into consideration th e potential for cost reduction from reduced transportation costs in order to shamble up for the loss in before tax profit from 17% to 6% in the last year compared with the one before, the price should stay at $1091200. How forever, if the financial detail permits a gain reduction in price, the price should be lowered to $1046400, which is exactly 20% higher then the lowest bid of competition ($872000). This value should be final, because if Zimmermann will be tempted to further reduce the price in order to get the order, there is a very high risk of loosing on the soma of superior product.Koning has made orders from Computron before and therefore they are well aware of the flexibility, accuracy and general high quality of its products. Submitting the bid of $1046400, exactly 20% more then the lowest bid, would show compliance with the nodes budget and thus will give a certain favorability to Computron, strengthening the already existing client kinship with Koning and ensuring future contracts for products and services. Q2 What is gained by instruction low? According to a reliable trade source, Koning has a total of four different offers other than Computron.These are the four main competitors, three of which together with Computron itself, own 80% of the sales in the German Market. Since the original price, which Compuron is willing to offer, is 43% higher than the lowest bid, theres a big chance Computron loses the sale. The fact that Koning is an already acquired customer of Computron is a major strength in terms of winning the sale. If Computron offers the lowest bid, Koning will unimpeachably consider their bid. It is simpler for Konigs to deal with a company they had purchased from already.Koning leave experienced that Computrons products are flexible, accurate and of a high quality from their previous purchases. Bidding lower then the benchmark of a lowest bidder confident(p) 20%, could possibly ensure getting the order, as well potentially m aximizing the market share of Computron in the long-run. Furthermore, reasonable price is an in-chief(postnominal) factor for Koning in acquiring this particular product and thus bidding low could be a favorable factor in this particular situation if we do not take into account the fact that Computron is already a market leader, so aiming to maximize their market share should not be of particular contract.The focus should be mainly on maximizing the levels of trust and loyalty with the customers. Q3 What is lost by bidding low? Zimmermann has calculated a price of $ 1,244,800 with respect to markup costs, pulverization cost, 17. 5% of import duty and transportation & installation costs. The markup cost in European market was fixed for Computron at 33 1/3%. Considering the fact that sale in 2005-06 was 6% comparing to the 17% the year before, the company aims to increase the sales and profit for their current year. Meaning, Computron would preferably ncrease markup cost in order t o increase profitability & sales. Although to have a higher possibility of making the sale to Koning, they have to reduce the price and recalculate their costs by untold less than 43% of the lowest bid. This leads to Computron having to decrease markup cost, or eliminate other cost from the final offer to Konigs. The reduction of markup cost will leave the company facing cash loss comparing to the amount theyre paying for selling & administrative expenses, and the price their offering. Computron are investing 8% of the total markup cost in R&D.Research & Development has an effect on Computrons position in the German Market, whereas they have highest percentage of digital process control computer sales. Although, the company will have to invest less in R&D in order to prevent profit loss for reducing their price bid to Koning. Computron will go behind again in sales by offering low price, as it would be one of the biggest sales of the year, Computron would definitely increase their profit if they succeed making the sale with their desired price. Having to reduce the price will put Computron behind in their aim of increasing profitability.Furthermore, the lowest bid is 872,000, its too low for Computron regarding their transportation cost, and markup costs. Its not an option for them to lower their price to that price. Even if they manage to reduce their costs lavish to reach a similar price, it will affect Computrons quality image. As mentioned, they have a good reputation of quality and flexibility. Finally, if Computron reduce their price, itll be harder for them to have higher bids later in Germany, and especially with Koning, which have good experience with Computron.Q4 What is gained by bidding high? Computrons position in the market and relationship with Koning seems strong. The price Computron s offering represents the cost being implemented to provide high quality product that exceeds the customer needs. By insisting on bidding at the normal price, th e company is actually setting a standard on their product price and the input on its enactment. As mentioned, Computron is aiming to increase their profit on sales for the current year. Bidding high in the Konings sale will prove the company stabilizes quality and performance.Koning will have no doubts of the price reduction, where elimination of cost could be related to the performance of the machine, especially if the price is drastically reduced. Computron is affirming their quality by sticking to their highest bid, although competitors are offering 43% lower prices. Furthermore, by insuring the image of their superior product quality, supported by Konings opinion on their past machines, will add up to Computron reputation, and stronger market position.If the idea of quality and performance was introduced to Konings properly, and the fact that they provide them with after sale service, could convince the Konings to choose Computron over the competitors. If Computron wins the sal e, theyd reach their refinement of increasing profit on sales. Selling to Koning with a high bid and their quality will wholly provide the company with a stronger brand image and customer loyalty and respect. Considering their past experience and the prove of new good investment by purchasing Computrons 1000X. Q5 That is happening in the market?It is predicted that the market will grow by 25% in the next several years. The market is valued at 16,000,000 dollars per year, of which Koning is a major part of, which leads to the conclusion that whoever pestles deal, is likely to continue selling to Koning in the future. There worth of new business to come about in the period 2005-2006 is estimated to be worth 5,200,000 dollars, which includes Koenig & Cie AG Frankfurt Plant$ 1,200,000 Dusseldorf Plant$ 1,000,000 Mannheim Plant$ 600,000 Central German power commission$ 1,760,000.Deutsche Autowerke $ 640,000 $ 5,200,000 The European market is in fact not so active, as Koenig happens t o be the only major purchaser in the continent. Furthermore Computron hasnt been receiving any major orders from big companies for their products so far it has only been small businesses demanding Computrons computers. It seems all the big purchasers already have what they need, and are only interested in post-sales servicing/maintenance/updates. The submission deadline for Koenig is 1st, August, 2006. Q6 What is the competition doing?Ruhr Machinenfabrik AG are developing a computer specifically for Konings bid, and their pricing is substantially lower than that of Computrons 1000X. This is partly because they have an import duty advantage as they are ground in Germany, they need not to have this additional cost. This consequently allows for a 17?% price differential. This reiterates the aggressive nature of the firm. Up until now, they only engaged in the sale of general-purpose computers. However, their drive to increasing their market share is the likely explanation for such an aggressive reaction.Elektronische Datenverarbeitungsanlagen AG is seen as a long-range scourge to Computron. They produce their product of a similar quality to that of Computron 1000X. In order to secure their position they sold their first computer at a break-even cost, and ever since then they have been selling below Computrons price (by a differential of Computrons import duty subject). Digitex produce a product of only a fair quality compared to Computrons 1000X however uses a price cutting tactics/ sells at low cost (sometimes 50% below Computrons). alone the production is done in Germany.Their inferior quality has hindered their competitive capabilities. The rest of the competition is unlikely to cause any threat according to Zimmermanns capitulum of view. Q7 What is Konings thinking about the situation? Konings invitation for bids was basically for the reason of wanting to pay a reasonable price along with high reliableness of the machine. Since the machines are going to b e used for five years training, these requirements would best suit what its being used for. Koning wants to probably reduce the cost of machines used in training.It would be a good investment for the company to have five years training computers and still use it after for other duties, although the low price could be aimed to abandon the machine after. Requiring a machine specified for training wouldnt have the same specifications in the computers needed for the on-line process control. clear the case showed the differentiation between having a flexible accurate machine, or a machine that is highly dependent for training purposes. Koning looking at the situation from a perspective which he wants o gain the best opportunity on having the lowest price for a training machine, even if the quality wasnt as good as accurate machines needed. Koning already bought three machines from Computron, and are satisfied with the results of the machines performance and quality, and seems to match t he requirements needed for their plants. The company is most probably now aiming to invest less in the machines they want to purchase, which means having less concerns with the machine quality performance, as its not being used directly on their process. Q8 What is Zimmermanns position as manager of the European sales?Zimmermann is in a rather sticky situation because it is imperative that he seals the sale with Koenig who is their most important customer and satisfies the buyers demands. However at the same time he must comply with Computrons pricing guidelines. The pricing guidelines reinforce the customer perception of a high quality, superior and reliable product (diligence element). Furthermore a reduction in price in this case, will lead all future purchasers to believe that from now on, Computrons products are cheaper and will automatically (wrongfully) anticipate lower prices from Computron in the future.There is no turning back. This situation is further accentuated with th e factory construction in Germany. If the deal is not sealed, it is likely that that factory will remain idle for several months due to lack of business. This will have a devastating impact on their brand image. Lastly, and most importantly, they biggest strain placed on Zimmermann is from the competition. There are several competitors who have different advantages ranging from expert factors to pricing advantages. All want to make a sale just as bad. Zimmermann is going to have to address all of these, if hes to seal the deal.Q9 What should Zimermann do? * Price reduction $1046400 (85. 4% of the original price) * Offer the price reduction + inform Koning & Cie, AG of the local manufacturing and assembly facility local support (opening 16. 09. 06) * Focus on absolute necessity of getting the order long-term business relationship & added credibility * Should NOT reduce the mark-up for European market (other customers will expect similar conditions with future orders) * Emphasize on Konings familiarity with the standards of Computrons products affirm the quality

Emergent Literacy Support in Early Childhood Education Essay

26 preschool teachers and 8 preschool administrators drawn from 8 preschools in Kasempa and Solwezi districts constituted the sample. A total 680 preschoolers were part of the schoolroom environss in which naturalistic observations were conducted. The information were roll up through questionnaires for preschool teachers, designed to capture preschool teachers companionship of emerging literacy and classroom practices. Questionnaires were as well administered to preschool administrators and these were designed to capture the schools profile on their teachers, philosophical system on literacy instruction and accessibility of teaching and acquisition materials. For the naturalistic observation of actual classroom sessions, entropy were gathered with the aid of a schoolroom Literacy Checklist. supercharge data were collected utilise semi-structured follow-up interviews to fill in any breaks from questionnaires and observations. The findings were that wholly the preschools investigated had low literacy realise as a result of limited language and literacy opportunities for the electric razorren and paucity of learning and routine materials. Lack of the preschool teachers clench of sudden literacy rendered them unable to fully provide environments and practices that support emergent literacy.INTRODUCTIONBackground The concept emergent literacy was introduced in 1966 by a New Zealand researcher Marie Clay in her doctoral thesis entitled emerging Reading Behaviour merely the boundary was coined by William Teale and Elizabeth Sulzby in 1986. The term was utilise to describe the behaviours seen in young children whereby they imitate adults teaching and writing activities, even though the children good dealnot actually read and write in the conventional sense. The cultivation of the emergent literacy perspective can be traced from the development readiness perspective.In the four decades since Clays introduction of this term, an extensive body of research has expand the understanding of emergent literacy. According to current research, childrens literacy development begins long before they start formal instruction in elementary school it begins at birth and continues through the preschool years even though the activities of young children may not seem related to reading and writing. Early behaviours such as reading from pictures and writing with scribbles atomic number 18 examples of emergent literacy and are an important part of childrens literacy development. With the support of parents, caregivers, betimes childhood educators, and teachers, as well as exposure to a literacy-rich environment, children no-hitly progress from emergent to conventional literacy. In different words their growth from emergent to conventional literacy is influenced by their continuing literacy development, their understanding of literacy concepts, and the efforts of parents, caregivers, and teachers to promote literacy. It wages along a continuum, and children acquire literacy skills in a flesh of counselings and at different ages.Childrens skills in reading and writing develop at the same time and are interrelated rather than sequential. Educators can promote childrens understanding of reading and writing by helping them build literacy knowledge and skills through the use of engaged learning activities. As children are moving into conventional literacy, they pass through different periods of development in their efforts to become palmy readers, just as they did at the emergent level. Over the past ten years, the concept of emergent literacy has gradually replaced the notion of reading readiness. Consequently, it has a significant violation on the way the teaching of literacy in early childhood programmes is approached. The theory of emergent literacy developed from research in the flying fields of child development, psychology, education, linguistics, anthropology, and sociology. It has virtually redefined t he field of literacy and made educators, teachers, and parents aware that the term reading readiness no longer adequately describes what is happening in the literacy development of young children (Teale, 1986).Research conducted on emergent literacy indicates that support to childrens emergent literacy in early childhood education facilitates easy literacy development in children. Parents, caregivers, and teachers direct to ensure that young children are open(a) to literacy-rich environments and receive developmentally appropriate literacy instruction. Such environments and experiences prevail a profound effect on childrens literacy development by providing opportunities and encouragement for children to become successful readers.Thus a preschool should be an environment that supports thecontinuation of emergent literacy. In order for a preschool to promote the continuous emergence of literacy, it must be an environment where there is a high variety of authentic literacy activiti es. It must also be an environment that affords learners opportunities to engage in purposeful literacy activities which are acknowledged as valid literacy behaviour.In the Zambian context emergent literacy is a fairly new phenomenon. Its practice is dependent on what teachers know and believe about it and this also is dependent upon the training that preschool teachers undergo. Against the background of emergent literacy, the concern of early childhood educators should be valuing the knowledge children have than with replacing it by highly dubious and abbreviate models of what literacy is and how it functions (Hall, 1989 viii). Little is known regarding literacy teaching in preschools in Zambia. This discover, therefore, attempted to find out the extent to which classroom practices in preschools in Zambia, with special commendation to Kasempa and Solwezi, support the continuation of emergentliteracy in children.Statement of the problem Although the theory of emergent literacy ha s been in use for over four decades, it is not known to what extent emergent literacy is appreciated and supported in early childhood education in Zambia. While research has been conducted in other parts of the world, there has been no investigating into its practice in Zambias preschools. Thus the problem that was being investigated was that we do not know the extent to which classroom practices in Zambian preschools, and with particular reference to Kasempa and Solwezi, support the continuation of emergent literacy in children.Objectives This theatre sought to achieve the following objectives (i)To ascertain preschool teachers knowledge of emergent literacy in children.(ii)To establish the extent to which the classroom environment supports the continuation of emergent literacy.(iii)To establish what literacy instruction programme is in place and the extent to which it supports emergent literacy.(iv)To find out teaching and learning materials that are available in preschools and the extent to which they support emergent literacy.(v)To establish classroom literacy practices that obtain in preschools and the extent to which they support emergent literacy.Significance of the require The substance of this break down was premised on the fact that it focused on one critical area of education viz. early childhood education. While a troop of research has been through on the basic and high school sectors of education in Zambia, truly little has been done on preschool education. It is indisputable that good early childhood education is a precursor to the other levels of education. This study sought to investigate the extent to which classroom literacy practices in early childhood education in Zambia support the continuation of emergent literacy. Such a study has not been explored before in Zambia. This study, therefore, is significant in that it might provide valuable data on early childhood teachers knowledge of emergent literacy and the extent to which classr oom practices support the continuation of emergent literacy. It is hoped that such data might be utilizable to policy makers such as the Ministry of breeding and preschool curriculum designers. In this way, it might provide data on which future curricula for early childhood educators training can be based. It is also hoped that the study will stimulate further research into emergent literacy practices in Zambian preschools, which is currently lacking.METHODOLOGYResearch design This study was qualitative as the researcher sought to interpret his observations and the respondents views to establish the extent to which practices in the target preschools support the continuation of emergent literacy. However, the study also occupied some quantitative elements in the design. The study was also naturalistic because there was no systematic manipulation of any process during observation. Rather the researcher find live classroom practices in the preschools as the teachers and learners we nt about with their activities.Sample size The sample for the study was drawn from eight preschools in thetwo study areas, namely Kasempa and Solwezi Districts in North-western Province. The sample size comprised 26 preschool teachers and 8 preschool administrators. 680 preschoolers were part of the classroom environments where the naturalistic observations took place. The sample structure for the preschool teachers is presented below as Table 1 Highest makingMalesFemaleTotalUntrainedCertificateDiplomaPrimaryCertificateTotalsTeachers(Table 1) Sample Structure for Preschool Teachers in the Study Areas 5 try techniques Samples were chosen on a non-probability basis on the understanding that respondents would be available, easy to access and ready to participate in the study. As such and handy and purposive samplings were used. This is because the researcher selected samples according to what was logistically convenient and feasible. Bearing in mind the period in which the study was t o be undertaken, the preschools that were selected were those that were not in hard-to-reach areas. This was in telephone circuit with Ghosh (2006) who says convenience sampling is used when the universe is not defined and when administrative limitations make it difficult for the researcher to randomly select samples. Since purposive sampling is used to target a group of subjects a researcher believes to be reliable for a study (Kombo and Tromp, 2006), in this study it was used to select the eight schools in the study area. The use of this sampling technique was aimed at ensuring that only well- effected preschools were targeted. Datacollection Three instruments were used to collect data. The Classroom Literacy Checklist was used as a classroom observation instrument. It was used to check for classroom practices in terms of literacy-richness of the environment, reading practices, variety of literacy activities, authenticity of literacy activities and teachers usage of childrens kno wledge of literacy. It was adapted from other literacy observation checklists such as the KS1 Format and the National Centre for Learning Disabilities 2004 Literacy Environment Checklist developed by Groover J. Whitehurst (Ph.D.).These observation instruments are designed to assess whether literacy environments in preschools provide a range of quality literacy experiences and a print-rich environment which are important factors in the facilitation and support of literacy learning. Two types of questionnaire were used, one for teachers and the other for administrators. The questionnaires for the teachers sought to erect information on their training and knowledge of emergent literacy. The questionnaires for the administrators sought to elicit information on the school profile, instructional materials and the schools ethos on literacy development. Questionnaires were condition on the first solar day of research at each preschool. The idea was to give respondents three to five days o f answering the questionnaire, based on findings from the original test. Interviews were conducted with teachers and administrators as follow-ups to help fill in gaps or clarify any matters from 6questionnaires and observations. For the teachers these were done soon after each observation. For administrators these were conducted at least twice in each school, one of which was on the last day of the research at each particular preschool. Data analysis Since this study was mainly qualitative, data analysis (particularly preprocessing) began during the data collection stage. During lesson observations the researcher made class profiles by recording the childrens level, age range and enrolment. The researcher was also doing a dairy on each lesson observed. Another thing the researcher did at this stage was to ensure that the data were internally consistent. For example, the researcher would make follow-ups with informants to clarify any contradictions and gaps in the questionnaires or interviews. Data preparation then followed and this included summarizing and organizing the data according to categories. At the final stage theresearcher sought to make interpretations of the questionnaire responses, observations and interview responses.FINDINGSThis study sought to find out the extent to which classroom practices in preschools support emergent literacy. The study relied mainly on naturalistic observations of live classroom sessions but this was complemented by questionnaires and follow-up interviews. Below is a discussion of the specific findings, divided into five sections, each discussing the findings in relation to each of the five objectives of the study. Preschool Teachers Knowledge of Emergent Literacy The study has revealed that none of respondents had ever heard of the term emergent literacy. In spite of this, the findings have also revealed that all the respondents have noticed elements of emergent literacy in children when they just enter preschool. The study has further shown that respondents have high awareness levels of childrens emergent literacy behaviours. However, the study has also revealed that generally, the respondents appreciation of the childrens emergent literacy was very poor. One area major area where this was evident was with regard to knowing how to reinforce childrens display of emergent literacy (for 7example if a child got a book and began to turn pages or if a child stood up and began to read around the room).This apparent disparity between the respondents high awareness of emergent literacy behaviours and their low appreciation of emergent literacy can be attributed to the respondents training. It was clear that preschool teachers are not taught about emergent literacy, hence the respondents did not regard emergent literacy behaviours as a developmental stage in literacy learning. Generally all the respondents tended to subscribe to the reading readiness perspective.In relation to the purpose of the study, th ese findings suggest that preschool teachers in the study areas cannot provide the necessary support to childrens emergent literacy if they are ignorant of emergent literacy as a developmental stage in childrens literacy learning.Preschool Classroom Environment This study has revealed that the classroom environments in the study areas have low literacy support. It has also established that the well-nigh common aspects of literacy support were the alphabet frieze and month and day names. This effectively means that the environments were not print-rich. The study has further revealed that the preschool teachers had low knowledge levels of how a preschool environment ought to be. In cases where the respondents revealed high knowledge levels, there was a gap between this knowledge and what was obtaining in the classrooms. The findings established that this was due to paucity of resources and having proprietors/managers who were ignorant of preschool education. These findings suggest se rious implications on childrens literacy development. First because preschool teachers and proprietors/managers tended to have low appreciation of what a preschool environment ought to be, they cannot provide the requisite environment that fully supports the continuation of emergent literacy. Secondly, because preschool children in the study areas have little exposure to a literacy-rich environment, they may not easily progress from emergent to conventional literacy.Preschool Curriculum This study has revealed that the study areas do not seem to have any clear philosophy regarding literacy instruction. As such the preschools did not have clear literacy instruction programmes. The study has also established that there is no common syllabus for preschools in Zambia. Preschools were utilize whatever they could lay their hands on. These findings show that it is difficult to measure the schools literacy instruction success when issues of syllabi are vague.Literacy Instruction Materials This study has revealed a paucity of teaching and learning materials in the study areas. The most commonly available instructional materials are flashcards, charts and building blocks. The study has established that there is a lack of a variety of reading books, workbooks, literacy objects for pretend play, and generally playthings.In view of the paucity of literacy instructional materials in the study areas, there is less support to childrens emergent literacy as children do not have sufficient interaction with a variety of literacy objects. The other implication is that with the paucity of play things, the children spend less time on play related activities and do more of formal learning. Classroom Literacy Practices This study has revealed that using music is a practice widely employed in all the eight preschools. However, the study has also established that preschool children in the study areas have limited reading experiences. In almost all cases children seldom handle reading books as this is reserved for Reception or Grade 1 levels. This is because teachers do not see this as necessary since the children cannot read in the conventional sense. Further children are rarely read to and hardly engage in shared book reading. It has also been found that there are hardly any freelance activities for children not working with an adult.More formal learning as opposed play-related learning has been found to be a common practice. The implication of these findings is that preschool teachers in the study areas are not using developmentally appropriate activities to teach literacy to the preschoolers.CONCLUSIONBy analysing the classroom practices, preschool teachers knowledge of emergent literacy and the environments in the study areas, this study has established that the practices in the eight preschools do not provide sufficient support for the continuation of emergent literacy. A number of factors have militated against high support for emergent literacy. The firs t factor is the preschool teachers lack of knowledge/appreciation of emergent literacy. This has arisen from the nature of training that preschool teachers undergo in Zambia. Coupled with this is the fact that some of the preschool teachers currently component in schools have not undergone formal training. In this study almost a trio of them were untrained. The other factor is lack of resources to construct appropriate structures forpreschools and communicate them with requisite materials. This has been compounded by the fact that preschool education in Zambia is privately run and as such the Government has had no stake in it.The third fact is the very fact thatGovernment has had no stake in preschool education. This has led to lapses in the registration of preschools and lack of serious and constant monitoring of preschools. As such there is no quality assurance in the provision of preschool education. The results of this study are significant in two main ways the results have i ndicated the need for capacity-building preschool teachers in the area of emergent literacy. The results have also demonstrated the need for Governments keen participation in preschool education.As regards the need for capacity-building preschool teachers, the study has demonstrated that while preschool teachers may notice emergent literacy behaviours among preschool children, they cannot unwittingly provide the necessary scaffolding to emergent literacy if they do not have goodly knowledge of the phenomenon. This, therefore, means that emergent literacy must be part of preschool teachers curriculum. The need for governments keen participation in preschool education arises from the fact that most of the inadequacies noted are a result of lack of stringent regulation and monitoring of preschool education. Stringent regulation will ensure that only individuals/institutions meeting the minimum standards are allowed to run preschools.On the other hand, constant monitoring will ensure that high standards are maintained in preschools. Another key way Government needs to participate in preschool education is through provision of grants or instructional materials. It is commendable that preschools are now falling under the Ministry of Education which has expert personnel to oversee the running of education provision in general and preschool education in particular. There is, however, need to come up with a directorate responsible for preschool education.ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSI wish to acknowledge the valuable contribution of the many people without whom the demands of this research would not have been met. First I pass tribute to my donnish supervisor Dr John Simwinga who provided the much needed counsel, guidance and criticisms from the proposal stage right through the completion of this thesis. Thank you for your confidence in me and giving me latitude throughout this academic journey. May God continue to lift you in your academic pursuits.I also wish to thank Mr D.C. Nkosha for having stir my interest in emergent literacy which led to my pursuing this study. I thank lecturers Mr G Tambulukani and Mr S.B. Hirst for making useful comments at various stages of the study all lecturers on the NOMA (Norwegian Masters) Literacy Programme for sharpening my academic faculties. Special thanks go to all the participants in Kasempa and Solwezi districts who made it possible for me to undertake the study at no cost. I flesh out my thanks to all my colleagues on the course with whom I worked well. Notable among them are Ms Mary-Grace Musonda, Ms Georgina Njapau and Mr Benson Kamangala.My gratitude will be incomplete without expressing my indebtedness to my wife for tolerating my academic appetite and for her continued understanding, support and perseverance and remaining a pillar in our home during my long periods of absence seizure. I remain grateful to the girls Tionge and Peggy for enduring my absence and remaining good children while I was away.I am gr ateful to my employers for granting me paid study leave yet again, without which it would have been impossible to pursue my chastens programme. I shall remain forever grateful for the NOMA scholarship granted to me through the University of Zambia.To God be the glory for the great and many things He has done for me.REFERENCESBarton, D., 2007. Literacy An Introduction to the Ecology of Written Language. Oxford Blackwell PublishingBergen, D., 2001. Pretend Play and Young Childrens Development. ERIC Digest, ERIC Clearinghouse on unproblematic and Early Childhood EducationBredekamp S. (ed.) 1987. Developmentally captivate Practice in Early Childhood Programs Serving Children from Birth Through Age 8. Washington, DC NAEYC. Freeman, E.B., and J.A. Hatch 1989. Emergent Literacy Reconceptualizing Kindergarten Practice. Childhood Education, 66, 21-24.Ghosh B.N., 2006. Scientific Method and kindly Research. New Delhi Sterling Publishers.Gunn, B., D. Simmons and E. Kameenui, 1994. Emergen t Literacy Synthesis of Research. University of OregonHall, N., 1989. The Emergence of Literacy. London Hodder and Stoughton Harste, J.C., V.A. Woodward and C.L. Burke 1984. Language Stories and Literacy Lessons. Portsmouth, NH Heinemann Educational Books.Hiebert, E. H., 1988. The Role of Literacy Experiences in Early Childhood Programs. The Elementary School Journal, 89 (2), 161-171.12Hiebert, E. H. and J.M. Papierz, 1990. The Emergent Literacy Construct and Kindergarten and Readiness Books of Basal Reading Series. Early Childhood Research Quarterly, 5 (3), 317-334.McMahon, R., 1996. Introducing Infants to the Joy of Reading. Dimensions of Early Childhood, 24 (3), 26-29Morrow, L. M., 1990. Preparing the Classroom Environment to Promote Literacy during Play. Early Childhood Research Quarterly, 5, 537-554.Morrow, L.M. (ed.), 1995. Family Literacy Connections in Schools and Communities. New Brunswick International Reading Association Serpell, R., L. Baker and S. Sonnenschein, 2005. Be coming Literate in the City The Baltimore Early Childhood Project. Cambridge Cambridge University Press. Sonnenschein, S. L. Baker, R. Serpell, D. Scher, S. Fernandez-Fein and K. Munsterman, 1996. Strands of Emergent Literacy and Their Antecedents in theHome Urban Preschoolers Early Literacy Development. National Reading Research Centre Reading Research notify No. 48Teale, W, and E. Sulzby, 1986. Emergent Literacy Writing and Reading. Norwood, NJ Ablex Publishing Corporation.Teale, W. H. and E. Sulzby, 1987. Literacy Acquisition in Early Childhood The Roles of Access and Mediation in Storybook Reading. In D. A. Wagner (ed.), The future day of Literacy in a Changing World (pp. 111-130). New York Pergamon Press. Van Kleeck, A., 1990. Emergent Literacy Learning about Print before Learning to Read. Topics in Language Disorders, 10 (2), 25-45.Wilson, N and S. McLean, 1994. Questionnaire Design A Practical Introduction. Newtown Abbey University of Ulster Press.

How do the techniques used in Cabaret give us an insight into the characters of the film?

In the 1970s hit Cab art, the director, Bob fosse, successfully uses a medley of use upmaking techniques to draw attention to different aspects of the multifaceted characters. Our understanding of the characters is shaped through the use of techniques ranging from changes in costume to mise-en-scene.Costuming is one of the most uncover aspects, and we can consume a lot about the characters by looking at the clothes they wear. sallying forth is a prime example of this. On stage crack sports sexy, suggestive, revealing attire. She feels that she is divinely decadent and sincerely is an international sensation as the compere claims. This is reflected by the raunchy, glitzy clothes she wears. snap tries to carry her femme fatale act on into her everyday life. Her change state is different from the mainstream and this is sorties attempt to be shocking. It shows a certain flamboyance, and self-confidence to wear these distinctive clothes.However, bit by bit we start to see that the glamorous, decadent Sally is nothing more than a faade behind which a much more troubled, insecure person hides. At crisis points in Sallys life, she is exposed physically and emotionally as the femme fatale mask is stripped away. After she has had an abortion we see Sally in ordinary clothes. On a rebuke to her father, the little girl Sally emerges and she dresses normally to please her dad. Sally wears glamorous, revealing clothes when she is in a position where she feels she is glamorous, decadent and so on. In eras of reality however, she adopts plain clothes. It is as though her clothing reflects not only her mood and feelings, but also her grasp on reality and submission to illusion.Brians costume is also very pondering of his personality. His well pressed, no-account jacket and bland shirt right away present him as a prim and proper, conventional Briton. As we come to meet Brian we contract that this is indeed true. He is reluctant to change, and it takes a while be fore he accepts sallys sexual advances. Brian undergoes one of the biggest changes when he begins to accept Max. Before he fully accepts Max, Brian changes his drab shirt and jacket for a blue sweater, showing that he is undergoing change. Until this point Brian has worn almost exactly the same clothes, highlighting his reluctance to change. By the time Brian is wanting to marry a pregnant Sally, he is a different man from the traditional Englishman we met at the beginning. He parades around wearing only a tie, pants and a hat. At the end when he decides to return to England, to his more reserved lifestyle he has also reverted back to his original plain clothes. The changes in his clothes are symbolic of the changes within him.The emcee captivates his audience while wearing a smart suit. This consolidates his status as a powerful range in Cabaret. He knows what will happen in the film, and his god-like position is reinforced by his smart attire. Maxs wealth is evident from his clot hing, as are Fritzs money woes from his bust cuffs. In Cabaret, the clothing closely reflects the nature of the characters.The characters hair and make-up is also of relevance, and often it too changes with their costumes. The emcee wears a large amount of make-up to emphasise his facial features. His eyebrows are coated in mascara, his face is painted white, he wears vibrant red lipstick and has overly rosy cheeks. He resembles a fathead to some extent, or to take it a step further, almost a Shakespearian fool. The emcee plays a role like that of the fool as he dispenses his witty social commentary. Sallys attempts to dazzle and shock continue on into her hair and makeup. Her unusual fringe and hairstyle are truly unique, her eyes are accentuated and her green nails are almost unmistakeable. Sally wants to attract attention and to appear, as she describes herself , as an International Woman of Mystery. Especially in the club, and also in normal life, Sally believes she is this sh ocking, marvelous person she so desperately wishes to be. Once again, after she returns from her abortion, she is void of her extravagant makeup and the physical exterior behind which she masquerades is gone. The real Sally is exposed. This occurs too when she goes to visit her father. Sallys makeup is another device she uses to propagate her faade.Fosse uses mise-en-scene to shape our perceptions of the characters. Music and dancing is expose to Sallys life and her record player is visible in legion(predicate) shots to emphasize this. Sally is a promiscuous girl, and we are reminded of the centrality of her sexual relationships by the central location of her large bed in her room. There is a member of Sally that is truly flamboyant, and this is shown in her room by the presence of living plants. Fosse places barriers in the shots between Sally and Brian right from the beginning, and these barriers allude to the ultimate break-up of their relationship.Fosse uses editing to great effect to communicate parallels and connections between the characters and between events. One example is when Sally performs Maybe This Time. This song drops Sallys blas, promiscuous attitude and shows that Sally really does yearn for love. She is not just singing this song, but she really does hope that maybe this time her relationships will work out. This is shown by the intercutting of scenes showing the development of Sally and Brians new intimacy. We understand that this is how Sally feels about Brian. This song is also primary(prenominal) in terms of the choreography. In the other numbers Sally feels sexy and important as she performs her vivacious, suggestive routine to a large audience. In this song, there are no raunchy moves, nor is there much of an audience. We see that sally is not trying to impress anyone with her apparent decadence. There is no need for her suggestive moves, because this is a song in which she is being herself someone who longs for love.When Brian first appears he is immediately connected to the cabaret world through intercutting with scenes of the emcee. The emcees god-like role is reinforced by crosscutting, as shots of him smiling sinisterly are shown after noteworthy events have occurred, as if he is saying I knew that would happen. The political nature of the emcees song, If You Could See Her, and his sympathy to the Jews, is highlighted by the continuation of the songs music into the next shot, which shows Fritz having made his decision.Camera angles are key in showing people as being strong and in control, or weak and powerless. After her abortion, Sally is shown from a number of high angles, and as we look down on her we get the impression of her powerlessness. In contrast, the emcee is shown from low angles, and he appears at an elevated position on the stage. This reaffirms the power the emcee possesses, that is the knowledge of what is to come. In Sallys final song, lighting is used to show her changing emotions. S he sings that life is a cabaret but is she ready to have moved on from Brian? A close up of her is shown in which as she sings, the spotlight on her progressively increases in warmth. This change in lighting alerts us to the fact that Sally has indeed committed herself to the cabaret, and is in fact ready to resume her search for stardom.The techniques used in Cabaret really do give us an brainwave into the characters of the film. People are presented not only as who they are, but also as who they attempt to be. These techniques allow us to better understand each character, and enunciate us a lot about how theyre feeling, their desires and emotions. Whether it is through the subtle changes in mise-en-scene or through the blatant differences in choreography or costume, Fosses host of film techniques shapes the characters and our understanding of them.

Plastic Bags Should Be Banned Essay

Plastic bags ar ane of the around dangerous substances to our environment. It seems silly that pliant bags could do so much harm. You never would have guessed, right? Well, believe it or not, these bags contribute to environmental issues in several ways.For one, flexible bags litter the environment. Forests, rivers, lakes, and oceans atomic number 18 littered all over the world. Wind carries these bags everywhere. We argon destroying our own planet and most people dont even realize the harmful do of these bags. They also overfill landfills, taking up room that can be utilize by some other trash. Americans use over 380 billion bendable bags a year.For two, these bags kill our wildlife. They kill not only shipboard soldier animals, but also animals on land. Many species argon already becoming endangered as it is. These bags are adding to the death toll of animals, and it could increase their chances of being endangered, or even extinct. About one million mammals and ocean bi rds die per year due to ingesting plastic bags. They are mistaken as food. The animals die a retard and painful death, usually by choking. 100,000 marine mammals die per year by eating these plastic bags.Lastly, these bags are made out of a substance that is called polyethylene. Polyethylene is a type of petroleum. Petroleum is a major source of our energy, such as heating, electricity, lighting, etc. About four to five trillion plastic bags are manufactured each year. Were wasting all of this petroleum on plastic bags when it could be used for more important things, like automobile gas. The sad thing is, out of 100 trillion plastic bags, only 1% are recycled. It takes 1,000 years for plastic bags to break down, making them non-biodegradable. Burning these bags will not help either it will only make things worse. When these bags are burned, it releases toxic fumes into the soil and the air.You whitethorn be asking, What can I do to help? Try switching to paper bags instead of plas tic ones when you go grocery shopping. Paper bags are much better for the environment, and can be recycled more easily. If you are an animal lover, these actions that you could be taking would be saving animalsaround the world.Surprisingly, plastic bags have been one of the most lethal inventions of mankind. They have a major negative impact on humanity, animals, and our environment. We only have one world to live in, so more precautions should be enforced in taking care of it.

Human Growth and Development Essay

According to Jean Pi get alongts theory of Cognitive Development childrens cognitive developing formal operations is established at the cognitive development stage of well-nigh age 12 to 15 years. This is reflected in the childs ability to reason adolescence hypothetically and on an individual basis on concrete states of affairs, with the structures represented by the logical combination systems. The rates at which children pass on proceed through and through the development succession developed by Piaget may vary from one culture to the separate(a) in addition, different children vary in terms of the areas of functioning to which they do apply their formal operation, in line with their aptitudes and professional specialization.Therefore, this paper aims at making most of Jean Piagets theory of ego-centrism of childhood and adolescent to help figure out the reflection of de-egocentricity which is the essence of child and adolescent development pertain in the picture The Outs iders through the character Ponyboy Curtis a 14 year old in the film. The film showcases a clash mingled with two syndicates, the greasers and Socs, whereby young adults comprise the gang members as well as their major protagonists.Introducing the Theory of ego-centrism of childhood and adolescenceJean Piaget a Swiss scholar started studying intellectual development in the 1920s, with the theory of ego-centrism of childhood and adolescence being of great greatness to Piaget, and especially so in ancestral epistemology. According to Piaget, egocentrism is the most striking deficiency that contributes to other intellectual short approach shots. In his definition, Piaget looks at ego-centrism as the ladderency to view the world from ones own perspective and having a difficultly recognizing the other partys top dog of view.This condition is mainly caused by the fact that the child will only lambast about themselves failing to put he or herself in the others crest ofview. This i s the case in the set-back two stages of Jean Piagets Cognitive Theory. The four stages in the theory are the first in the midst of birth to 2 years which is the sensor-motor stage, 2 to 7 years the preoperational stage, concrete operational stage surrounded by 7 to 11 years, and the final stage consists of formal operations from 11 years and above.Adolescents are sight to be less egocentric than the younger children, this is attributed to the fact that as they grow they become aware of the public of others existence. Thus, it is believed adolescents gradually abandon egocentrism of children in many aspects. However, it is important to note that when these abilities first develop, adolescents may bear a problem distinguishing their believeing from that of the thoughts of others. Therefore, an adolescent may regards others point of view with their own track of think hence one will tend to think of how others will think of him or herself (Shi, 2014).On the other hand, de-egoce ntrism is based on Jean Piagets theory of ego-centrism of childhood and adolescence. The influence of ego-centrism tends to diminish with the coming of age, that is, adolescents tend to dispose of their ego-centrism along with the coming of age. Thus, the others can look at the demonstrate of de-egocentrism as the essence of children and adolescents abandoning their ego-centrism when communication with each other, trying to appreciate the others point of view and trying to make they be unders excessivelyd (Shi, 2014).De-egocentrism in the filmThe plot runs by Ponyboy Curtis a young adolescent and a member of the lower- divide gang greasers. The Ponyboy bides with his two elder fellows Darrel and tonic water. Well Ponyboy seem to prefer Soda to Darrel since the elder Darrel tends to treat him as if he was 6 instead of 14 years. When the Socs gang attacks Ponyboy on his way home, Darrel blames him for not carrying a blade with him. From his point of view, Ponyboy feels Darrel is only blaming him since he is views him as another mouth to find and somebody to shout at. At this point Ponyboy does not understand why Darrel shouts at him, causing a misunderstanding between the brothers portraying Ponyboys egocentrism. Heregards Darrel with his own way of thinking, failing to understand him from Darrel point of view. Darrel sacrifices everything to see to it that Ponyboy is successful in life, and believes Ponyboy will never fail to live up to his expectations, however, all these is beyond Ponyboys understanding (Ford, 1983).According Shi (2014), Ponyboys egocentrism seem to be cast wrap up when the brothers are reunited in the hospital. Ponyboy sees Darrel crying with tears curl downs his chicks, and he realizes all over sadden that Darrel does care about him as he is trying too hard to make something of his younger brother Ponyboy. It is at this point that Ponyboy accomplishes the task of de-egocentricity through the realization of the importance of understan ding others. During this transformation, Ponyboy undergoes a great deal of frustration, by which he realizes the significance of understanding others. With the casting off of his bias against his brother, he manages to distinguish his thinking on his own thoughts, from the thinking about the thoughts of his brother in the care for comprehending his brothers viewpoint.Ponyboys egocentrism gives rise to the breakdown of Soda his second brother in the film. Ponyboy might confirm loved Soda more than anybody else in their family however, he failed to understand him. When Soda finally breaks, Ponyboy tries to understand Sodas distress of breaking up with his girlfriend and his dilemma towards his conflicts between Darrel and him. It is from this point that Ponyboy starts attaching great importance to others instead of only himself, in the process giving up his ego-centrism, which his process of de-egocentricity. The brothers get to mature in understanding with the three of them underst anding and realizing they ought to stick to together against all odds. Thus, the process of de-egocentricity helps them realize the importance of brotherly affection.Ponyboy and rubicund Valance a cheer attraction at the school and the Socs leaders girlfriend enjoy a friendly chart and share some interesting while with Ponyboy. They are both interested in watching the sunsets though from different places. red-faced is from the upper class while Ponyboy is from thelower class, and despite this difference, they can enjoy the same sunset showcasing a level of de-egocentricity. However, Cherry will not accept Ponyboy as friend in public and evens warns him against it, displaying her ego-centrism. Later own Cherrys de-egocentrism makes her stand in defense of the greasers when they are attacked by the Socs (Shi, 2014).SocializationUnder human gain and development, socialization is a very important aspect. This is a process by which acquire behaviors and beliefs of the culture they li ve in, and this process is known to bring about three outcomes, which are self regulation allowing one to have self-control. The second outcome is role preparation allowing preparation of occupational and gender roles, and thirdly, is the cultivation of sources of meanings providing comfortableness and guidance. In the film The Outsiders, Ponyboy undergoes a complete transformation from hoodlums into a promising adolescent who peruses glorious victory through valiant deeds. Thus, socialization means adolescents trying to comply with set social norms which act a bout point in the development of adolescents.Jean Piaget is among the psychologists who believe that peers may contribute as much as an adult or even more to the development of a child or an adolescent (Piaget, 2008). For instance, insurrectionist is an adolescent as young as Ponyboy, who is seen to be gloomy after being beaten up badly by the Socs. Having been deprived of family affection he seen as the gangs pet and ever yones kid brother. Lacking a positive self-identity he is forced to seek self-esteem by identifying with the assembly the greasers. Ponyboy and Jonny develop great friendship and they get along well together. When Ponyboy has conflicted with his brothers he runs off to find consolation in Johnny (Shi, 2014).ConclusionDe-egocentricity is characterized by the understanding of others among adolescents individuals, which is a reflection of adolescents internal coming of age is the processes undergone by Ponyboy. On the other hand, socialization signifies the consciousness of social norms to behave in a way that is acceptable to the society, which is an observable external behaviorof coming of age. Therefore, through a psychoanalytical study The Outsiders reveals a crucial process of young adults de-egocentricity and socialization so as their own values and fulfils the task of coming to age as Jean Piaget puts it in his Theory of Cognitive Development.ReferenceFord, F., Hinton, S. E., D illon, M., Macchio, R., Swayze, P., Lowe, R., & Waldspurger, R. The Outsiders (film). Piaget, J. (2008). Intellectual evolution from adolescence to adulthood. humane Development, 51(1), 40-47. Shi, D. (2014). De-egocentricity and Socialization A Study of Hintons The Outsiders. Theory and Practice in Language Studies, 4(4), 668-674.

Case analysis-Harrington Collection Essay

Problem identificationIn 2008, Harrington sight, a large manufacturer and retailer of U.S. high-end womens app argonl, was facing opportunities and challenges whether to launch of active voice- play out products to meet the securities industry and customers enquires. But consort to the macroeconomic environment, the target market, competitors and its own financial condition, Harrington needed to take c arful consideration and then take away the best decision for their own development. The U.S. womens clothe industry marketplace trendsFrom the data of U.S. Apparel Market Sale (2002-07), we could find out that, even when subjected to the impact of the economic downturn, the U.S. womens apparel industry remained in a mount and st equal state and held by continued growth momentum. The Retail Sales increase from $106 billion in 2002, to $133 billion in 2007. The average annual growth rove is 4.7%. It showed that the total sales of the womens apparel industry did not receive the macroeconomic impact. Consumers still had a high need to go shopping. At the same time, analyzed the data from U.S. Apparel Market Units, influenced by the economic downturn, consumers were to a greater extent(prenominal)(prenominal) interested in less than $100, low- expenditured womens apparel. From 2005 to 2007, the growth rate of units sold in more than $200 is 3.4%, the product growth rate of between $100-200 is 1.4%, and $50 to 100 product growth rate is 14.3%, while less than $50 low-priced products feature the highest growth rate of 16.1%. The low-cost market has a great opportunity for manufacturers.Characteristics and competitionThe value chain of the womens apparel industry is closely (1) stigmatisation (2) design (3) purchase (4) production (5) channel marketing (6) distri preciselyion and (7) retailing. In the era of apparel products are relative homogenization, price war chancems to become a common method to erode the market overlap of distri merelyively o pposite between scratchs. Each brand need to face how to hard-hittingly reduce costs. many an(prenominal) brands established foreign plants or outsourced to overseas factories. This could reduce their cost of production and labor. Through effective monitoring, the overseas factorys products also have a bang-up grapheme. This makes the increased competition on the market.Womens apparel retailers included department stores, mass merchandisers, specialty stores, and warehouse clubs/supercenters. Among them, the specialty stores got the 1st position, 58.6% share of channel, changed 11% from 2005 to 2007. The 2nd place is department store, 19.0%. Mass merchandisers got the 3rd position with 11.4%. In the retailing womens apparel for the U.S. market, the most pregnant distribution channel is specialty store.Harrington CollectionCompanys backgroundAs a nearly 50-year history of the womens apparel brand, Harrington Collection has a clear market positioning. Targeted at the high-end ma rket is the original intention of Harrington Collection. The 1980s, the Harrington Collection expanded aught and Christina Cole brands, the product limit aimed at the junior customer market. Because of their superior quality, knowledge equal sales staff and designer styles, they have a throng of loyal customers.Four product rakehellsHarrington Collection targeted affluent, fashionable, college-educated, professional women from 25 to 60. This company has four product lines, cover three classifications (Designer, bridgework, and get around) of the womens apparel market. They targeted women of contrastive ages, different background, and different family income. The Harrington Limited, as the Designer classification. This product line focuses on the Designer Collection, targets the customer as Sophisticated Elegance. Their age is from 35 to 60, an average sign income is more than $200k. The retail price range is $500-$1000+. And it has 20% of Market Share, as the Cash frighten . It shows Harrington Collections market position is a high-end brand. Harrington Limited is the companys most important product, and as a high-end brand, the products could show the strength of Harrington Collection. The Sopra, positions as the Bridge classification. This product line focuses on the change surface Wear it targets the consumers of Status Seeker.The retail priceis about $400-$800. Most of the customers are 35-60 household income is more than $150k. The market share of Sopra is the lowest among the four product lines, only 5%. It is the Dog product, but the evening Wear means the high-end position of a company, Harrington Collection needs to keep this product line. The Christina Cole, positions as the Bridge classification. This product line focuses on the high-end vocation Wear it targets the customers of Office Chic, with the price from $300-$700. The average schooling of the customers is 30-55, with more than $100k household income. The market share is 8%. The market positioning of this classifications products are very competitive, so 8% is acceptable. It is the jumper cable. The Vigor, Better classifications product line, focuses on the Career Wear. Targeted customers are Trend Setter. They are from 25 to 50, with more than $75k household income. As the targeted age of the customers is younger than the others product lines, this line is serious of fresh and flexible. It is able to adapt to the needs of the market to react and change, the Star.Manufactory strategyHarrington Collection does not set up overseas factories in Asia or outsourcing, for 2 reasons. First, they expected of high-quality womens apparel products, good quality make their products to attract high-end consumers. Second, they hoped to catch up with the fashion, the dummy up plants get out have a high speed to deliver their product to the retail department, it could be able to benefactor the brand issue seasons trend styles with the fastest speed. This strategy imp roves the cost of product, but it leave help to enhance the brand image.Active take overIn recent years, more and more of the company launched its own active intermit products, just like hoodie, pants, and tee-shirt. Consumers buy active wears aimed not just in gym, but worn in everyday life. Consumers believe that active wear is very comfortable, very fresh, and very casual. There is also a very important reason, active wear is relatively cheap. In 2007, the moderate and budget classifications got 80% of market share on the apparel market and sold 7.5 million units in that year. But in 2009, many brands started to transform at the level of the advance active wear. The average selling price was just below $100.By such changes in the market, we tidy sum see that the consumers demand of high-grade active wear was increased. And consumers are willing and able to buy high-end active wear.Active wear of Vigor DivisionTo Harrington Collection, in 2007 and 2008, the active wear market was not desirable for them to locate a high-end brand. Their brands, Vigor, the lowest level of the product line, but also achieve the Better classification. At that time, the consumers were more interested in the cheaper products. But the Market trends had a sudden shift in 2009, so Harrington Collection got an excellent opportunity to join into the active wear market. Harrington Collections Vigor brand is the most suitable for the introduction of active wear products. In the minds of consumers, Harrington Collection is a high-end brand, if Vigor was able to launch active wear products, would be favored by the consumers of high-end brands. Vigors styles were much more flexible than the others brands of Harrington Collection. And the core styles of active wear were about fresh and lifestyle. As a brand of Harrington Collection, Vigor continued the strategy of their company, provided the high quality and agility products to fix the consumers needs, wants, and demands.This would attr act the existing customers of Harrington Collection to leveraging Vigor active wear products, because they believed that these garments were high quality and fashion. The Vigor team made decision about pricing. That hoodie, tee-shirt, and pants would be $100, $40, and $80, it seemed not a very high price, the working-class even could afford for them. It could help Vigor to get shares in the market of moderate classification. However, the formation of a new product line requires the leverage of new equipment, the new plant, equipped with the appropriate staff. Harrington Collection needed to build a focus team, design team. However, even the prospects of the market were perfect, but it still had a high risk to invest. Because of the market was full of uncertainties. But as a very promising project, Harrington Collection should carry out enthronisation and development. latent retail tradeBecause of the Vigor has laid a foundation, with a number of loyal customers. The active wear s released as a new product sold in the presentmarket. Consumers can purchase the Vigor products from company-owned stores, upscale department and sociality stores. Company-owned stores sales and units are about 20% of the other both harmings stores.Company-owned storesAs the retail group of the Harrington Collection, they operated 120 stores, 50 of them were dedicated solely to the Vigor division. As the advantages of these stores that belong to the same forest senior enterprise distribution strategy can be effective practiceation. Harrington Collection can avoid large retailers control, independent development and implementation of the marketing strategy. In these stores, Harrington Collection can be unified planning, unified propaganda, to help establish and enhance brand image. The stores management can be more estimate contact with the market, and is easy to understand the changes in market demand, and at first base time to adjust the marketing strategy. But with the high operating costs, many involve the management of business, need to invest a lot of manpower, material and financial resources.Upscale department and sociality storesAs another both very important sales channels, they sold 80% of the Harrington Collections products. Both the two storefronts implement the same plan and strategy, with a certain degree of stability and integrity, and at the same time are able to avoid the vicious competition among the channel members. However, in this distribution channel, the prices of the previous link immediately decide the latter part of the cost.Vigors active-wearThe Vigor active-wears pricing relative to other products is relatively low, less than $100. This series is a strong attraction for consumers. In the initial launch, Vigor would be vigorously publicized. With Harrington Collections brand awareness, it was estimated that due to the current market demand is relatively large, and will soon get a valid response. The pricing strategy of Vigor active-wear is market skimming prices. Although these prices are lower than the other products of Vigor. But the variable costs of these products are only $20.55 (Hoodie), $7.50 (Tee-shirt), and $16.40 (Pants). The pricings are $100.00 (Hoodie), $40.00 (Tee-shirt), and $80 (Pants). heretofore with other related variable costs, and the fixed costs aswell as the construction of the plant, the purchase of equipment, and the administrative expenses of the management.The total cost of the product is much lower than the pricing. This pricing strategy can maximise profits of each single product. And it will not affect their own brand positioning to consumers buying enthusiasm. These products as same with other products of Vigor, will perform the same sales strategy simultaneous promotion. The active-wear will not become a special product, which will affect the attitude of consumers to Vigor, that the active-wear of lower grade, or a decline in sales situations.Vigors competitors reaction Better levelPositioning Better level the active-wear market is very competitive. Liz Claibornes Juicy Couture was one of the early leaders in this market. The jumper cable companies, such as Jones Apparel Group and Liz Claiborne, both of them had a high share in the womens apparel market. Even more, most of their products positioned in the Better classification. After Harrington Collection released Vigor series active-wear, the two companies will certainly respond. These two competitors in the overall grade lower than Harrington Collection, but because they build factories in the third world, their cost is lower than Harrington Collection, so they can drive down prices, establish a price war in this Better classification.At the same level, the relative homogenizations of active-wear products make it difficult to get a breakthrough in the design. So the price seems to have become a major factor in many consumers choice. Each company will be fully developed characteristics of their o wn companys products, in order to attract more loyal customers, and seize the market share of other companies. different levelsCompetitors with the same grade of the Harrington Collection will seize this opportunity to enter the active-wear market. They will not have a distinct advantage in the price, even in the presence of a disadvantage. But their quality may be higher, more innovative style design fabric selection will be more comfortable. These products will attract high-end consumers details. The low-end brands will not impact on the formation of Vigor. They target different customer groups, both the customers will not beinfluenced by each other. There is no direct competition, but would impact overall active-wear market share. Potential financial impact of Vigor active-wear manufacturing group The establishment and promotion of a new product needs to Harrington Collection invest. As the Vigor active-wear manufacturing group, this part of the enthronement is very high. The pa nts equipment costing was about $2 million and plant start-up cost estimated at $1.2 million.This programs cost estimated $3 million. The hoodie and tee-shirts equipment costing was about $2.5 million and plant start-up cost estimated at $2.5 million. This programs cost estimated $3.5 million. The expenses of national advertising and public relations campaign were estimated at $2 million. The carrying of active-wear line for every company-owned store was $50000 per store. The total carrying expense was about $2.5 million for 50 company-owned stores. The other data will be calculated in the form at the end of this part. In the end, the profit forward tax in 2009 was $6,304,590. The profit margin before tax was 15.8%.Make decisionA mature company should be good at discovering market opportunities, and seize the opportunity. Every investment has its risks, and identifies real opportunities for each company is very important. As people increasingly focus on practical demand for clothi ng, active-wear has good market prospects, and Harrington Collection has an advantage for the development of this product line. Even though the initial investment is huge, but this product is also huge gains. These products sale for a period of time thenthe early investment will be recovered form earnings. Harrington Collection should let Vigor add this product line.